Author: uniquekey

  • newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)

    newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)


    About the Hong Kong Laureate Forum



    Welcome to the November 2022 issue of the newsletter of the Hong Kong Laureate Forum!

    The Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum will be held on 13-18 November 2023. The previous young scientist recruitment campaign of the Forum was a resounding success and received more than 450 valid applications. In order to strengthen the cross-disciplinary exchange during the Forum, we are now conducting a targeted recruitment campaign for young scientists in specific areas. The recruitment exercise will close on 18 December 2022. If you are interested to have brilliant and intellectual exchange with renowned scientists (including The Shaw Prize winners) and other young scientists from all over the world, click HERE now to learn more about the Forum and application details.

    Second chapter of our new series of the “Prelude to the Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum”, Masterminds, Masterclasses 2.0 (MM2.0) was successfully held on 9-11 September at The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups Headquarters. The three-day event gathered over 20 renowned scientists and experts in the field from different parts of the world as speakers for seminars and trending topic session or as guest hosts for the sharing sessions. Prof Sun Dong, JP, Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry also took his precious time out to attend the Grand Launching Ceremony to kick off the event. Besides Astronomy, Life Science and Medicine, and Mathematical Sciences, we also have the multi-discipline trending topic – Climate Emergency. During the event, scientists and experts shared not only their science journey, but also gave their words of wisdom on pursuing science and changing the world. Those words are, no doubt, inspirational and thought-provoking.

    Dr Sunny Chai Ngai Chiu, BBS, JP, Chairman, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation, Prof Chan Wai-yee, Vice-President (Strategic Developments), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Principal Wan Ka Kit, Executive Committee Member, Hong Kong Association of Heads of Secondary Schools, and Prof Wong Wing-tak, Deputy President and Provost & Chair Professor of Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University each chose a word as the key to pursuing scientific research at the panel discussion session on the first day of event, those were “Commitment”, “Curiosity”, “Enjoy” and “Thinking”.

    At the online dialogue in the evening of the same day, Prof Simon White, 2017 Shaw Laureate in Astronomy concluded the session and said, “Do things you find exciting, be open-minded. If you only trust the thing you see, that’s all, (then there will be) no new ideas.”

    “We only have one Earth to live, each of us has the responsibility, and hope to keep it alive to sustain our future generation.” Prof Amos Tai, Associate Professor & Director, Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong said in his concluding remarks at the closing of the trending topic session on Climate Emergency.

    MM2.0 attracted well over 400 online and offline fellow scientists, young scientists and students who are passionate about science, we are sure that they all learned a lot from the event.

    Moreover, the annual InnoCarnival organised by the Innovation and Technology Commission was held on 22-30 October at Hong Kong Science Park. The two virtual reality (VR) experiences, demonstration of auto-balancing robotic machine and games with exciting prizes attracted near 6,000 participations. Prof Sun Dong, JP, Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry, and Ms Christile Drulhe, Consul General of France in Hong Kong and Macau toured our booth and tried the VR experiences. We are grateful to join hands with the Consulate General of France in Hong Kong and Macau again this year to present one of the two unique VR experiences at our booth in the said event. The icing on the cake was that our booth came second in the “My Favorite Booth” public polling!

    On 24 November, the HKLF and the Kowloon City District Secondary School Heads Association invited three local academics at a gathering in the Scientia Secondary School to host a science talk for secondary students in the Kowloon City District. More than 400 school principals, teachers and secondary students participated in the talk and they all gained a lot from the scientists’ sharing. We will continue to engage Secondary School Heads Association of different district and hold similar talk to further promote understanding and interests of the young generation in Hong Kong in various disciplines in science and technology.

    In addition to the above events, the HKLF has collaborated with Invest Hong Kong to produce a promotional video to attract scientific research and technology talents to develop their careers in Hong Kong. The video has been released on websites and social media of the HKLF and Invest Hong Kong. If you want to learn more about the Hong Kong advantage on this front, then don’t miss out!

    After a series of in-person events and promotion, the HKLF will organise an online campaign via our social media platform in December. So, stay tuned to our website, social media and the next newsletter on future happening!


    COP 27 – A Mixed Bag of Results



    With the two-week COP27 drew to a close on 20 November 2022, commentators have begun to weigh up the loss and gain from the summit.

    The biggest achievement of COP27 has to be the creation of the “loss and damage” fund. Hailed as a victory for countries most affected by climate crisis, the agreement to help them to deal with loss and damage was a real breakthrough. The deal is seen as a triumph for developing and small island countries after years of unsuccessful attempts to put the topic in the COP agenda.

    Whilst the commitment to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels remained, many pundits lamented on the lack of progress on the pledge to reach the peak of global emissions by 2025 or to phase down all fossil fuels in the final summit text.

    For details on COP27, please refer to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website.

    As delegates started leaving Sharm el-Sheikh, some no doubt in private jets, the debate on whether it is defensible for a climate conference to produce a huge carbon footprint for the gathering (an estimated 102,500 tonnes of CO2 equivalent was recorded for COP26) and with the presence of over 600 fossil fuel representatives who might not have reduction in emissions as their priority, will no doubt rage on. But more importantly, we cannot lose sight on the task the conference was set out to do, that is, to bring about changes needed to forestall climate disaster. Let’s hope that COP28 will see more progress and actions on that front!

    November 2022

     


    The Science of Ketchup: From Physics to Microbiology



    Ketchup can be a struggle to work with. You may have seen the following when a ketchup bottle is taken out of the fridge. Try and fail to tip the ketchup out. Smack the bottle hard, many times, and wait even longer, and suddenly all the ketchup splashes out at once and you end up with much more than you need. Ketchup is a very versatile condiment – it goes well with all kinds of food – so everyone who uses it may have similar experience repeatedly. But why does this keep happening? And why does it happen with ketchup specifically?


    Ketchup as a Fluid with Variable Viscosity

    When we want the ketchup to be runny, it comes out of the fridge frozen and cold and decidedly not runny. At this point it may be described in physics terms as viscous, or difficult to flow. Rather than waiting for it to thaw, most people will hit the bottom of the ketchup bottle sharply. Based on Newton’s Law of viscosity, a fluid flows at a speed in proportion to the force applied. However, ketchup has the property of thixotropy. It means that the extent to which ketchup becomes less viscous, or runnier, is disproportional to the applied force. Therefore, ketchup is also referred to as a non-Newtonian fluid.

    Why is ketchup like this? In viscous fluids, molecules are unable to move freely, due to the attractive forces between them or because larger molecules act as physical barriers. In the case of ketchup, 95% of which is made of small molecules like water, vinegar (ethanoic acid) and salts, but ketchup is thixotropic because of the precise nature of that other 5%.

     

    Author: Peace Foo, Student Editor, Science Focus, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
    Design: Charley Lam, Graphic Designer, Science Focus, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
    Translation: Daniel Lau, Managing Editor, Science Focus, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology


    Another Take to Combat COVID – Orally Intake Pills and Vaccines



    There is a general belief that injections are better than oral intake pills as it gets drugs into the bloodstream through direct injection into the veins. The body can thereby better absorb and assimilate the drug. We therefore see many medications introduced by forms of injection. This includes but is not limited to insulins injections, chicken pox and measles vaccines, and of late, the COVID-19 vaccines. However, there is a concerning number of patients worldwide who have contracted diseases even after vaccination. It was, therefore, necessary to develop medications for treatment of those diseases. With the advancement of more potent agents to deliver oral drugs to enhance their absorption and efficacy, on top of the advantages of non-invasiveness and simple administration, in both preventing and treating diseases, pharmaceutical companies have come to develop oral pills to combat the novel and ever-mutating COVID-19 virus. In this article, we will delve into the topic of oral-intake pills and vaccines in our battle against COVID-19.

    Globally, there are many oral covid antiviral medications like Merck’s Molnupiravir, Pfizer’s Paxlovid, GSK’s Sotrovimab to name but a few. Such oral antivirals are prescribed for patients after they have contracted the virus. These antivirals work to keep the SARS-Cov-2 virus from replicating properly — thereby reducing viral load, which can help reduce severity of symptoms. There are also a few oral intake vaccines worldwide, including Oravax’s vaccine and Vaxart’s vaccine, both are still in development and testing stage. The downside of injection vaccines is that the time required to gain immunity after a vaccine can be up to 21-28 days, and some of the other vaccines in development require multiple doses before sufficient immunity may develop. In contrast, one oral tablet vaccine, which induced antibodies in the airways, seems to resolve the above issue.

    Locally, the Hong Kong Government has introduced both Molnupiravir and Paxlovid. The current guidelines for these oral antivirals in Hong Kong are for use by those aged 60 or above, vaccinated or not. For those who are under 60 years of age, and who are at high risk of medical illness, and for those who are suffering from chronic illnesses, if they have symptoms of COVID-19 within 5 days, seek medical attention, and with no contraindications to antiviral drugs, all of these patients will be included and can be prescribed with antivirals. It is best for these susceptible groups to take these medications as soon as they have contracted the disease. The government has also commenced distributing such oral antivirals to private clinics for more efficient medication distribution that enables broader treatment of COVID-19. Nonetheless, there are restrictions to drug prescription. Merck’s drug is not suitable for pregnant, breastfeeding women, as well as children below 18, as it affects fetal development, bone and cartilage growth; while Pfizer’s drug is not suitable for people with very weak kidney or liver functions, as the levels of the drug may become too high and cause increased side effects.

    Oral antivirals, as its limitations and benefits stand, could come to be the game changer in combating the lethal COVID-19 virus. It is often seen in society that even vaccinated individuals would come to contract the virus and / or its derivatives / mutations. This signals that vaccination can only take up part of the job and there is a void to fill in the role of treating the disease. Oral antivirals are sufficed to take up such a mantel and play a pivotal role in humanity’s struggle against deadly strains of coronavirus. In a study conducted by the Israel Clalit Health Services, Nirmatrelvir (ingredient in Paxlovid) therapy was associated with a 67% reduction in COVID-19 hospitalisations and an 81% reduction in COVID-19 mortality in patients 65 years and above. These data all point to one truth: that COVID-19 oral antivirals can significantly benefit us and reduce the severity of disease upon contraction. It is understandable how orally intake pills can come to relieve the COVID-19 plight. Coronavirus has blighted the world for a lengthy period, it is high time governments speed up the introduction of such drugs for the betterment of humanity.

     

    James Leung, Year 1, The University of Hong Kong
    November 2022


  • newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)

    newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)


    關於香港桂冠論壇



    歡迎大家來到香港桂冠論壇2022年11月份通訊。

    首屆香港桂冠論壇將於2023年11月13至18日舉行。於較早前舉行的報名活動,我們獲得踴躍回應,收到超過450份有效申請。為了加強論壇上的跨學科交流,我們現正舉行指定科學範疇的青年科學家招募活動,截止日期為12月18日。如你有意與包括榮獲邵逸夫獎的殿堂級科學家及來自世界各地的青年科學家作學術交流,請即按此閱讀更多有關香港桂冠論壇和相關申請資料。

    而首屆香港桂冠論壇新一輪前奏活動系列的第二個活動「智者‧智講2.0」已經於11月9-11日在香港青年協會總部順利舉行。為期三日的活動匯聚了超過20位來自不同地域的知名科學家和學者,分別擔任研討會的演講者以及分享環節的嘉賓主持。創新科技及工業局局長孫東教授, JP亦抽空親臨現場出席開幕禮為活動揭開序幕。活動除了天文學、生命科學與醫學及數學科學這三大學科外,還有跨學科的氣候緊急狀態議題。在活動中,科學家和學者們除了分享他們的科學旅程外,他們就著投身科學和改變世界的寄語皆令到所有參加者有所啟發和反思。

    香港科技園公司主席查毅超博士, BBS, JP, 香港中文大學副校長(策略發展)陳偉儀教授,香港中學校長會執行委員會委員溫家傑校長及香港理工大學常務及學務副校長及化學科技講座教授黃永德教授在首日的交流會上分別選擇了一個詞彙,「全心投入」、「好奇心」、「享受」和「思索」,作為投身科學研究的關鍵。

    而在同日晚上的一個天文學線上對談會,2017年邵逸夫天文學獎得獎者西蒙‧懷特教授以一句寄語作總結︰「做一些令你興奮的事情並保持一個開放的心態,如果你只相信你能看見的東西,這就不會有新的想法。」

    「我們只有一個地球可以生活,因此,我們每個人都有責任,希望令它生存下去,並持續到我們的下一代。」香港中文大學地球系統科學課程副教授及課程主任戴沛權教授在聚焦於氣候緊急狀態的熱門話題討論為我們所作的總結。

    今次活動一共吸引超過400名線上和現場的傑出科學家、年輕科學家和熱衷科學的學生參與,相信他們在活動中均有所得著。

    另外,由創新科技署主辦一年一度的創新科技嘉年華也於10月22-30日在香港科學園順利舉行。香港桂冠論壇攤位的兩個虛擬實境體驗、自動平衡機械儀器示範、小遊戲和豐富獎品一共吸引近6,000人次蒞臨參與。創新科技及工業局局長孫東教授, JP與法國駐港澳總領事杜麗緹(Christile Drulhe)女士在嘉年華首日也親臨我們的攤位並試玩虛擬實境體驗。我們很高興今年能夠再與法國駐港澳總領事館合作,他們提供了在嘉年華中呈獻的兩個獨特虛擬實境體驗的其中一個。錦上添花的是桂冠論壇的攤位在經過公眾投票後,獲得「我最喜愛展台」的第二名!

    在剛過去的11月24日,桂冠論壇與九龍城區中學校長會合作,邀請了三位本地科學家,於創知中學為九龍城區中學生舉辦了聯校科學講座。講座有超過400位校長、老師和中學生參與,他們從科學家們的分享中都獲益良多。桂冠論壇將會積極與各區的中學校長會聯絡並舉辦同類型的講座,提升香港年輕一代對不同科學及科技領域的認識和興趣。

    除了以上各個活動之外,香港桂冠論壇亦和香港投資推廣署合作,製作了一條宣傳短片,吸引世界各地科研人才來港發展科研事業。短片已經在桂冠論壇和香港投資推廣署的網站和社交媒體發佈,如想進一步了解香港在這方面的優勢,切勿錯過!

    在一連串的實體活動和宣傳後,桂冠論壇將於12月在線上社交平台舉辦網上活動和遊戲。有關活動資訊以及論壇最新的消息,記得留意我們的網站、社交媒體和下一期通訊!


    2022年聯合國氣候變化大會 – 憂壞參半的結果



    為期兩周的2022年聯合國氣候變化大會(COP27)於2022年11月20日閉幕,評論員開始分析今次會議的得與失。

    COP27最大的成就相信是各國就成立「損失與損害」基金達成協議。被視為受氣候危機影響最嚴重的國家的一次勝利,這個幫助他們應對損失和損害的協議無疑是一個真正的突破。而在多年嘗試下均未能將這個議題列入COP議程後,今次的協議對發展中國家和小島國家來說亦是一場勝仗。

    儘管將全球氣溫上升幅度限制在比工業革命前水平高1.5度之內的承諾仍然存在,但很多專家對於在2025年之前,達到全球碳排放峰值或最終宣言 – 推動逐步減少所有化石燃料這些事宜上缺乏進而展感到遺憾。

    有關COP27的更多詳細資訊,可參閱聯合國氣候變化公約框架的網站。

    各國代表們開始離開沙姆沙伊赫,其中一些代表無疑乘坐私人飛機離開,就為了出席一場關於氣候的會議,產生大量碳足跡(COP26產生了約10.25萬噸二氧化碳當量),以及600多名化石燃料代表的出席可能不是以減少碳排放為首要任務,這些事宜必然會引起熱烈的爭論。但是更重要的是,我們不能忽視會議訂立的任務,即是要實踐預防氣候災難所需的改變。就讓我們期待COP28在這方面會有更多的進展和行動!

    2022年11月

     


    茄汁的科學:從物理到微生物學



    茄汁是一種不太友善的醬汁。以下是你把茄汁從雪櫃取出後發生的連環不幸事件:你嘗試倒出茄汁但不果,然後多次猛力拍打瓶底,但茄汁依然無動於衷,只好苦等一會後再來一次 — 啊 —!這次茄汁一下子從瓶裡射出,而你根本用不著那麼多茄汁。茄汁是用途廣泛的調味料,適合配搭不同食物,因此以上情境也許是茄汁愛好者習以為常的經驗。但為甚麼這樣的事情會一再發生呢?為甚麼只有茄汁會出現以上的情況?


    作為有可變黏度流體的茄汁

    我們想茄汁容易流動,但從雪櫃取出的茄汁卻是冰冷的,決不是容易流動的。這時在物理學上它可以被形容為黏滯(viscous),即不易流動 。與其待它解凍,大多數人會選擇用力敲打茄汁瓶的底部。根據牛頓黏滯定律,流體的流動速度應與施加的力成正比,但茄汁有觸變性(thixotropy)的特點,意思是茄汁變稀或變得容易流動的程度與施力是不成比例的,故此茄汁又被稱為非牛頓流體 。

    為甚麼茄汁會有這樣的特性?由於分子間的吸引力或有大型分子充當物理障礙阻礙分子流動 ,黏滯流體裡的分子不能自由流動。至於茄汁,它95%的成分是由水和醋(乙酸)等等的小分子及鹽組成 ,但其觸變性正是由另外5%的成分所賦予的。

     

    作者︰香港科技大學《科言》學生編輯胡適之
    設計︰香港科技大學《科言》學生設計師林曉薏
    翻譯︰香港科技大學《科言》總編輯劉劭行


    戰勝新冠肺炎的五星上將 – 口服藥和疫苗



    一般認為,以注射方式施藥比口服藥物更見療效,這是由於把藥物直接打入靜脈,藥物成分隨血液流轉全身,有助身體迅速吸收。因此,很多藥物,例如糖尿病藥、水痘和麻疹疫苗,以及近年採用的新冠病毒疫苗,都是以注射劑的方式推出。然而,鑒於各地相繼出現接種疫苗後染疫的個案,開發藥物以治療染疫病人有其必要。在預防和治療疾病方面,口服藥物治療除了是無創性和程序簡單外,更新和更有效的口服藥物可增強吸收力和功效,所以製藥公司致力開發口服藥和口服疫苗,對抗不斷變種的新型冠狀病毒。下文將就新冠病毒口服藥物和口服疫苗展開討論。

    世界各地已開發了多款新冠口服抗病毒藥物供患者在發病後服用,例如默沙東的莫納皮拉韋、輝瑞的帕克斯洛維德、葛蘭素史克的 Sotrovimab等。此類抗病毒藥物的運作原理是阻止新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的正常複製,減少總病毒量,從而減低重症風險。口服疫苗也有多款,包括尚在測試階段的Oravax和Vaxart。注射式疫苗的弊病在於人體在接種疫苗後21-28天才能產生抗體,或在接種數劑疫苗後方能產生足夠的免疫力。反之,一粒口服疫苗就能輕易解決以上問題。

    回看香港,政府已購入莫納皮拉韋和帕克斯洛維德兩款抗病毒藥物。根據現行指引,60歲或以上有病徵的患者,不論有否接種新冠疫苗,一律可獲醫生處方口服抗病毒藥物。60歲以下高風險人士和長期病患者若在出現病徵五日內求診,不論有否接種新冠疫苗,只要沒有臨床上不適合的因素,都可獲醫生處方口服抗病毒藥物。為免延誤病情,該等人士染疫後應盡快服用口服藥物。再者,政府已陸續向私家醫生免費提供新冠口服抗病毒藥物,以讓更多新冠肺炎患者獲得治療。然而,兩款藥物各有其服用限制。默沙東口服藥對胎盤發育及骨骼發展有不良影響,懷孕和餵哺母乳的婦女,以及18歲以下人士不宜服用;輝瑞口服藥則因可能導致血內藥物濃度過高,增加副作用,不適合腎或肝功能較差的人士服用。

    儘管口服抗病毒藥物有其利弊,但它將會是扭轉這場抗疫大戰的五星上將!在這場抗疫戰爭中,人們不論有否接種疫苗,都會因病毒及/或其衍生物/變種而染疫。這表示疫苗只是對抗病毒的武器之一,要戰勝病毒,還需要其他利器,而口服藥物正好能擔此大任。根據以色列醫療服務機構Israel Chalit Health Services的臨床研究,使用奈瑪特韋(帕克斯洛維德的成分之一),有助減少67%的新冠病毒患者住院率,以及減少81%的 65歲或以上新冠病毒患者死亡率。這些數據說明,口服抗病毒藥物能大大減低染疫重症率,對人類有莫大裨益,並將助人類在這場疫戰中反敗為勝。新冠肺炎肆虐全球,拖之日久,各國應加快推出口服藥,以解民倒懸,為民造福。

     

    作者︰香港大學一年級梁絡維
    2022年11月


  • newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)

    newsletter (Nov 2022 – Issue 18)


    关于香港桂冠论坛



    欢迎大家来到香港桂冠论坛2022年11月份通讯。

    首届香港桂冠论坛将于2023年11月13至18日举行。于较早前举行的报名活动,我们获得踊跃回应,收到超过450份有效申请。为了加强论坛上的跨学科交流,我们现正举行指定科学范畴的青年科学家招募活动,截止日期为12月18日。如你有意与包括荣获邵逸夫奖的殿堂级科学家及来自世界各地的青年科学家作学术交流,请即按此阅读更多有关香港桂冠论坛和相关申请资料。

    而首届香港桂冠论坛新一轮前奏活动系列的第二个活动「智者‧智讲2.0」已经于11月9-11日在香港青年协会总部顺利举行。为期三日的活动汇聚了超过20位来自不同地域的知名科学家和学者,分别担任研讨会的演讲者以及分享环节的嘉宾主持。创新科技及工业局局长孙东教授, JP亦抽空亲临现场出席开幕礼为活动揭开序幕。活动除了天文学、生命科学与医学及数学科学这三大学科外,还有跨学科的气候紧急状态议题。在活动中,科学家和学者们除了分享他们的科学旅程外,他们就著投身科学和改变世界的寄语皆令到所有参加者有所启发和反思。

    香港科技园公司主席查毅超博士, BBS, JP, 香港中文大学副校长(策略发展)陈伟仪教授,香港中学校长会执行委员会委员温家杰校长及香港理工大学常务及学务副校长及化学科技讲座教授黄永德教授在首日的交流会上分别选择了一个词汇,「全心投入」、「好奇心」、「享受」和「思索」,作为投身科学研究的关键。

    而在同日晚上的一个天文学线上对谈会,2017年邵逸夫天文学奖得奖者西蒙‧怀特教授以一句寄语作总结︰「做一些令你兴奋的事情并保持一个开放的心态,如果你只相信你能看见的东西,这就不会有新的想法。」

    「我们只有一个地球可以生活,因此,我们每个人都有责任,希望令它生存下去,并持续到我们的下一代。」香港中文大学地球系统科学课程副教授及课程主任戴沛权教授在聚焦于气候紧急状态的热门话题讨论为我们所作的总结。

    今次活动一共吸引超过400名线上和现场的杰出科学家、年轻科学家和热衷科学的学生参与,相信他们在活动中均有所得著。

    另外,由创新科技署主办一年一度的创新科技嘉年华也于10月22-30日在香港科学园顺利举行。香港桂冠论坛摊位的两个虚拟实境体验、自动平衡机械仪器示范、小游戏和丰富奖品一共吸引近6,000人次莅临参与。创新科技及工业局局长孙东教授, JP与法国驻港澳总领事杜丽缇(Christile Drulhe)女士在嘉年华首日也亲临我们的摊位并试玩虚拟实境体验。我们很高兴今年能够再与法国驻港澳总领事馆合作,他们提供了在嘉年华中呈献的两个独特虚拟实境体验的其中一个。锦上添花的是桂冠论坛的摊位在经过公众投票后,获得「我最喜爱展台」的第二名!

    在刚过去的11月24日,桂冠论坛与九龙城区中学校长会合作,邀请了三位本地科学家,于创知中学为九龙城区中学生举办了联校科学讲座。讲座有超过400位校长、老师和中学生参与,他们从科学家们的分享中都获益良多。桂冠论坛将会积极与各区的中学校长会联络并举办同类型的讲座,提升香港年轻一代对不同科学及科技领域的认识和兴趣。

    除了以上各个活动之外,香港桂冠论坛亦和香港投资推广署合作,制作了一条宣传短片,吸引世界各地科研人才来港发展科研事业。短片已经在桂冠论坛和香港投资推广署的网站和社交媒体发布,如想进一步了解香港在这方面的优势,切勿错过!

    在一连串的实体活动和宣传后,桂冠论坛将于12月在线上社交平台举办网上活动和游戏。有关活动资讯以及论坛最新的消息,记得留意我们的网站、社交媒体和下一期通讯!


    2022年联合国气候变化大会 – 忧坏参半的结果



    为期两周的2022年联合国气候变化大会(COP27)于2022年11月20日闭幕,评论员开始分析今次会议的得与失。

    COP27最大的成就相信是各国就成立「损失与损害」基金达成协议。被视为受气候危机影响最严重的国家的一次胜利,这个帮助他们应对损失和损害的协议无疑是一个真正的突破。而在多年尝试下均未能将这个议题列入COP议程后,今次的协议对发展中国家和小岛国家来说亦是一场胜仗。

    尽管将全球气温上升幅度限制在比工业革命前水平高1.5度之内的承诺仍然存在,但很多专家对于在2025年之前,达到全球碳排放峰值或最终宣言 – 推动逐步减少所有化石燃料这些事宜上缺乏进展而感到遗憾。

    有关COP27的更多详细资讯,可参阅联合国气候变化公约框架的网站。

    各国代表们开始离开沙姆沙伊赫,其中一些代表无疑乘坐私人飞机离开,就为了出席一场关于气候的会议,产生大量碳足迹(COP26产生了约10.25万吨二氧化碳当量),以及600多名化石燃料代表的出席可能不是以减少碳排放为首要任务,这些事宜必然会引起热烈的争论。但是更重要的是,我们不能忽视会议订立的任务,即是要实践预防气候灾难所需的改变。就让我们期待COP28在这方面会有更多的进展和行动!

    2022年11月

     


    茄汁的科学:从物理到微生物学



    茄汁是一种不太友善的酱汁。以下是你把茄汁从雪柜取出后发生的连环不幸事件:你尝试倒出茄汁但不果,然后多次猛力拍打瓶底,但茄汁依然无动于衷,只好苦等一会后再来一次 — 啊 —!这次茄汁一下子从瓶里射出,而你根本用不著那么多茄汁。茄汁是用途广泛的调味料,适合配搭不同食物,因此以上情境也许是茄汁爱好者习以为常的经验。但为甚么这样的事情会一再发生呢?为甚么只有茄汁会出现以上的情况?


    作为有可变黏度流体的茄汁

    我们想茄汁容易流动,但从雪柜取出的茄汁却是冰冷的,决不是容易流动的。这时在物理学上它可以被形容为黏滞(viscous),即不易流动 。与其待它解冻,大多数人会选择用力敲打茄汁瓶的底部。根据牛顿黏滞定律,流体的流动速度应与施加的力成正比,但茄汁有触变性(thixotropy)的特点,意思是茄汁变稀或变得容易流动的程度与施力是不成比例的,故此茄汁又被称为非牛顿流体 。

    为甚么茄汁会有这样的特性?由于分子间的吸引力或有大型分子充当物理障碍阻碍分子流动 ,黏滞流体里的分子不能自由流动。至于茄汁,它95%的成分是由水和醋(乙酸)等等的小分子及盐组成 ,但其触变性正是由另外5%的成分所赋予的。

     

    作者︰香港科技大学《科言》学生编辑胡适之
    设计︰香港科技大学《科言》学生设计师林晓薏
    翻译︰香港科技大学《科言》总编辑刘劭行


    战胜新冠肺炎的五星上将 – 口服药和疫苗



    一般认为,以注射方式施药比口服药物更见疗效,这是由于把药物直接打入静脉,药物成分随血液流转全身,有助身体迅速吸收。因此,很多药物,例如糖尿病药、水痘和麻疹疫苗,以及近年采用的新冠病毒疫苗,都是以注射剂的方式推出。然而,鉴于各地相继出现接种疫苗后染疫的个案,开发药物以治疗染疫病人有其必要。在预防和治疗疾病方面,口服药物治疗除了是无创性和程序简单外,更新和更有效的口服药物可增强吸收力和功效,所以制药公司致力开发口服药和口服疫苗,对抗不断变种的新型冠状病毒。下文将就新冠病毒口服药物和口服疫苗展开讨论。

    世界各地已开发了多款新冠口服抗病毒药物供患者在发病后服用,例如默沙东的莫纳皮拉韦、辉瑞的帕克斯洛维德、葛兰素史克的 Sotrovimab等。此类抗病毒药物的运作原理是阻止新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的正常复制,减少总病毒量,从而减低重症风险。口服疫苗也有多款,包括尚在测试阶段的Oravax和Vaxart。注射式疫苗的弊病在于人体在接种疫苗后21-28天才能产生抗体,或在接种数剂疫苗后方能产生足够的免疫力。反之,一粒口服疫苗就能轻易解决以上问题。

    回看香港,政府已购入莫纳皮拉韦和帕克斯洛维德两款抗病毒药物。根据现行指引,60岁或以上有病征的患者,不论有否接种新冠疫苗,一律可获医生处方口服抗病毒药物。60岁以下高风险人士和长期病患者若在出现病征五日内求诊,不论有否接种新冠疫苗,只要没有临床上不适合的因素,都可获医生处方口服抗病毒药物。为免延误病情,该等人士染疫后应尽快服用口服药物。再者,政府已陆续向私家医生免费提供新冠口服抗病毒药物,以让更多新冠肺炎患者获得治疗。然而,两款药物各有其服用限制。默沙东口服药对胎盘发育及骨骼发展有不良影响,怀孕和喂哺母乳的妇女,以及18岁以下人士不宜服用;辉瑞口服药则因可能导致血内药物浓度过高,增加副作用,不适合肾或肝功能较差的人士服用。

    尽管口服抗病毒药物有其利弊,但它将会是扭转这场抗疫大战的五星上将!在这场抗疫战争中,人们不论有否接种疫苗,都会因病毒及/或其衍生物/变种而染疫。这表示疫苗只是对抗病毒的武器之一,要战胜病毒,还需要其他利器,而口服药物正好能担此大任。根据以色列医疗服务机构Israel Chalit Health Services的临床研究,使用奈玛特韦(帕克斯洛维德的成分之一),有助减少67%的新冠病毒患者住院率,以及减少81%的 65岁或以上新冠病毒患者死亡率。这些数据说明,口服抗病毒药物能大大减低染疫重症率,对人类有莫大裨益,并将助人类在这场疫战中反败为胜。新冠肺炎肆虐全球,拖之日久,各国应加快推出口服药,以解民倒悬,为民造福。

     

    作者:香港大学一年级梁络维
    2022年11月


  • newsletter (Jan 2023 – Issue 19)

    newsletter (Jan 2023 – Issue 19)


    About the Hong Kong Laureate Forum



    Welcome to the January 2023 issue of the newsletter of the Hong Kong Laureate Forum!

    Happy New Year! The HKLF wishes you good fortune and a great Year of the Rabbit ahead!

    During the festive seasons, especially Christmas and New Year, many will have family gathering to enjoy Christmas feast, reunion dinner, or spending fun time together at theme parks. The HKLF has made a series of videos coined “Science @ Festive Feast” to share the festivity with you. The series will uncover the science behind the preparing of tasty treats such as Christmas cake, popcorn, candy floss, molecular gastronomy and the Chinese New Year symbolic food, the sweet dumpling. Do check out our website and YouTube channel!

    The first two chapters of our new series of the Prelude to the Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum, “Wonder Women in Science – Inspiring and Empowering the Next Generation” and “Masterminds, Masterclasses 2.0” were successfully held in July and November last year respectively. In addition to event highlights, interviews with some participating scientists sharing their thoughts have also been uploaded to our website and YouTube channel, come re-visit our highlights and explore the messages and sharing from our scientists.

    The third chapter of the series “Exploring New Horizons 2023” is scheduled to be held between February and March 2023. The HKLF would like to take this opportunity to thank the support from local scientists / research teams for opening up their laboratories and science research facilities to enable us to put together more than 10 sessions of visits and sharing. This event invites the participations of Hong Kong senior secondary students. We believe that it would be an invaluable opportunity for senior students to learn more about laboratory’s settings, have direct exchanges with the scientists, and gain an understanding of the work of scientists, their growth journey as well as the challenges they faced during their travel. Through this event, we hope to further spark their interest in the quest of science and encourage the pursuit of science in their long-term development. “Exploring New Horizons 2023” is also the last event to receive points under “The HKLF Science Explorer Award Scheme 2022/2023 for Secondary Students” (Scheme). Students who garnered a certain number of points will be invited to participate in “Geared Up Muster”, an event in March which includes a presentation ceremony of the Scheme. Participating students, please stay tuned to our announcement!

    Online campaign “Science is Everywhere – Round 2” on getting to know your flora and fauna was completed on 21 December and the result was announced on 30 December. According to Elizabeth Mrema, Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Environment Programme, “Biodiversity is the web of life that connects us all”. Indeed, every living creature on Earth affects and depends on each other. Through fun games, we aim to encourage the public to find out more about our “neighbours” which breathe the same air and set foot on the same ground. The HKLF would like to thank the support of all participants. Stay tuned to our website, social media and the next newsletter for latest information on the Forum and other events!


    Predicting the “Unpredictable”




    Predicting Evolution of Influenza Virus

    A common question we often encounter is: is mutation of virus truly predictable, and isn’t it random? Well, the short answer is, virus evolution is not equal to mutation. Mutations are random errors occur during the replication process of virus, and they do not have a preference on their destination. Yet virus evolution is a complex process shaped jointly by virus mutation, the host immune response, and the environment. Thus, although mutation at given positions in virus genome is unpredictable, short-term virus evolution might be projected by tracking the dynamic pattern of advantageous mutants in host population. This is like even if we do not know where the wind comes from, we can tell the direction and strength of wind by observing objects influenced by it. Similarly, host immune response and the environment exert traceable pressure on the virus genome, and key mutants exhibit patterns of immune selection and virus transmission. Characteristics of virus evolution are thus carved in the history data written down together by the virus and their host counterpart.

    Insomuch as we have laid out the rationale of prediction, building models for capturing the pattern of virus evolution could be strenuous, as a huge amount of data on virus genome and associated epidemics worldwide would need to be linked and analysed. For example, to learn the pattern of virus evolution of the H3N2, one of the major subtypes underlying seasonal influenza epidemics, we collected genome sequencing data available in the past 20 years and epidemics information in over ten geographical regions from public databases, center for disease control and prevention (CDC), and health authority reports to perform the analysis. For the SARS-CoV-2 virus driving COVID-19 pandemic, millions of genomes are available for investigation. One classical analytical method in the field of evolutionary biology is the phylogenetic tree, which is built upon clustering of viral strains according to their mutual distances. The tree provides an intuitive delineation of the ancestral relationship of viral strains and historical course of evolutionary pathway. Several tree-based methods have been proposed to predict future evolutionary trajectory by learning the dynamic pattern informed from the tree-clad (Luksza and Lassig 2014) or branching process (Neher et al 2014, Huddleston et al 2020). Because of the reliance on tree structure, predictions made by these methods fall on a cluster of strains. In our investigation of virus evolution, however, an alternative methodology is adopted. Instead of treating an entire sequence as the basic analytical unit, we consider site-wise evolution as the primary target of modelling. This approach was first motivated from our observation that key mutations appeared in stages through seasons – some advantageous mutations emerged years before an epidemic peak, and some followed in subsequent years and during the peak season (Wang, Lou et al 2021). Within individual host, billions of virions were replicated, carrying advantageous, deleterious, and neutral mutations. Under high pressure of host immunity, the virions carrying advantageous mutations enabling the virus to escape from immune recognition such as antibody binding would grow in larger quantities. Genetic variants carrying the leading mutations are more likely to be transmitted to other hosts. The subsequent mutations, also recognised as “trailing” or “permissive” mutations, play roles in maintaining viral functions and protein structure stability and facilitate the shaping of a predominant antigenic variant. Therefore, competition and selection of virus might start early with residue substitutions before the formation of predominant strains. Modelling site-wise evolution may gain lead-time to catch the large effect mutations that set the course of evolutionary pathway. We proposed several new quantities to characterise this process, including a time factor to describe the effective period of mutations to stay in-advantage against population immune response, and a threshold of mutation prevalence to signal when a mutant’s impact in population epidemics is reaching an influential level. Based on these building blocks, we developed prediction model that projects genome-wide site-wise mutation dynamics to the next epidemic season, and through which to identify the optimal strains representing the future virus population that could be considered as vaccine viruses (Lou et al 2022). The model predicted vaccine strain, if manufactured as it is, is expected to improve the current vaccine’s effectiveness by absolute 11.2% (95% CI: 3.5–18.8) against the H3N2. Prediction algorithm is also being developed for the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution. Current data shows that it could capture the key mutations in the Omicron variants 6-12 months before it became predominant in population.

     

    Author:
    Prof Maggie Wang, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong


    Measure the Universe with Cosmological Standard Timers



    Ever since humans were born on Earth, we have been trying to learn about the Universe in which we inhibit. Thousands of years of observations and thinking have enabled us to develop a standard cosmological model capable of better describing the evolution of the Universe since the hot big bang. With technical progress and the development of precise measurement techniques, more results show that there is inconsistency between observation and theory, such as Hubble tension, which poses a pressing problem in modern cosmology.

    Problem solving begins with understanding the problem. To solve the aforementioned cosmological crisis, a number of methods have been proposed, including modified fundamental physics and observational systematical uncertainty. Cosmological standard timers, a novel way to measure the Universe telling us the state of the Universe at different epochs by studying the evolution of cosmological dynamical systems, has also been developed. With more information about the evolution of the Universe, we are now able to have a better understanding of the cosmological model.


    Evolution of the Universe

    Modern cosmology starts from general relativity, which describes gravity as a geometric property of spacetime. Based on general relativity, Albert Einstein built his cosmological model in 1917, which describes a static Universe. However, this static cosmological model is unstable under the cosmological perturbations. In 1920s, Alexander Friedmann solved the cosmological solution of general relativity, which shows the Universe may be expanding or contracting depends on the matter density and curvature of the spacetime. Meanwhile, Georges Lemaître independently developed relativistic cosmological equations and pointed out that the Universe may be born from the explosion of a primordial atom.

    Until 1929, the question about evolution of the Universe was first answered. Edwin Hubble discovered the light spectrum of distant galaxies is redshifted, which means these galaxies are moving away from us at speeds proportional to the distance between the galaxies and Earth (i.e. the famous Hubble’s law) as shown in Fig 1.

    Fig 1 Velocity-distance relation among extra-galactic nebulae

    Therefore, Hubble’s observation proves our Universe is expanding. In order to describe the expanding velocity of the Universe, we define the slope of galaxy velocity-distance relation as Hubble parameter (or Hubble Constant) to quantify the expansion of the Universe.

     

    Author:
    Mr. Qianhang Ding, PhD Candidate, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology


    The Roles of Science and Technology in Hong Kong’s Climate Actions



    It is undeniable that cities have far-reaching impacts on every aspect of life. Currently, half of the world’s population, around 4.5 billion people, living in cities around the world. Cities account for more than two-thirds of the world’s economic production and three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions. As cities grow, the population will increase further, with the global urban population expected to reach 7 billion by 2050. Our scientific knowledge and evidence support the idea that cities are the primary culprits of climate change. Meanwhile, they are also critical in bringing in sustainable development by adopting innovative ways to mitigate, adapt, and respond to the impacts it has brought. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published the sixth Assessment Report (AR6), which includes three Working Group reports covering the latest scientific understanding of climate change and research on global climate change impacts, mitigation, adaptation and vulnerability. The Summary for Urban Policymakers report (SUP), released during the 27th United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP 27) last November under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is a synthesis report that reveals insights from the three IPCC reports on cities facing climate change. This paper will highlight the key points and explain the roles of science and technology in mitigating and adapting to climate change in Hong Kong.


    The impacts of climate change on cities

    Fig 1: The trend of global surface air temperature between 1958-2018, showing various cities recorded a notable temperature increase. Source: Summary for Urban Policymakers, SUP.

    SUP report begins by stating that a climate crisis is underway. Human-induced climate change that causes extreme weather, is affecting every corner of the planet and various ecological systems. Its impact on cities is particularly severe. As shown in Fig 1, many cities have recorded significant temperature rises over the past six decades: 1.5°C in Seoul, 2.33°C in Tehran (Iran), and 2.6°C in Kolkata (India). Meanwhile, the average temperature in Hong Kong went up by 0.41°C. We cannot underestimate this 0.41°C. According to the Hong Kong Observatory, a rising sea temperature that causes higher sea levels and more rainfall, and frequent extreme weather are the results of this slight increase. Some climate scientists predict that the sea level will rise by 0.5 meters in 2050, which would multiply the risk of flooding; higher temperatures also warm up the oceans, triggering red tides and causing a large number of marine creatures to die due to a lack of oxygen. Moreover, global warming prompts the breeding of mosquitoes, exposing more people to the risk of diseases.

    IPCC points out that cities and urbanisation can worsen climate change, which in turn brings adverse impacts on the cities and their surrounding areas. The urban heat island effect is such an example.

     

    Author:
    Mr Kwok Hiu Chung, Senior Programme Officer, CarbonCare InnoLab


    COP 15 – the equivalent of the “Paris Agreement” for biodiversity



     

    The 15th session of the United Nation (UN) Biodiversity Conference (COP15) drew to a close in Montreal, Canada on 19 December 2022 after two weeks’ negotiation.

    COP15 was hailed as a success with the signing of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) by nations participating in the conference. The key takeaways of the framework include the pledge to protect 30% of the world’s land, water and marine resources by 2030 (the 30 x 30 pledge) and the agreement to provide USD200 billion by 2030 to be used for biodiversity-related projects. For details of COP15, please visit their website.

    Executive Secretary of the United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity, Elizabeth Mrema, pronounced the conference the “Paris moment for biodiversity”, drawing reference to the historic 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. The Agreement was considered the watershed moment in the tackling of climate change.

    However, some pundits lamented the lack of stronger measures related to the use of pesticides and prevention of species facing extinction, among others.

    Whether the GBF will be the landmark agreement to forestall the degradation of our ecosystem and halting of biodiversity loss remains to be seen. Afterall, implementation would be key to its success. A case in point is the Paris Agreement, where few countries are currently on track to cut carbon emission in accordance with their pledge under the said Agreement and financial support to fund clean energy projects in developing countries are also falling short.


  • newsletter (Jan 2023 – Issue 19)


    关于香港桂冠论坛



    欢迎大家来到香港桂冠论坛2023年1月份通讯。
    新年快乐!新的一年香港桂冠论坛恭祝大家兔年大吉,「兔」气扬眉!

    每逢节日假期,特别是圣诞节和新年,很多人会和家人享受圣诞大餐、吃团年饭、或是外出到主题乐园游玩。桂冠论坛乘著节日的喜庆,制作了一系列名为「Science
    @ Festive
    Feast」的短片和大家分享喜悦。短片会带大家一同拆解圣诞蛋糕、爆谷、棉花糖、分子料理、团年必备的汤丸等美食背后一些和科学有关的原理和知识,请立即到我们的网站和YouTube频道收看!

    首届桂冠论坛新一轮前奏活动系列的首两个活动「科学界女强人 –
    激发下一代力量」和「智者‧智讲2.0」先后在去年7月和11月顺利举行。除了活动的精华外,活动期间抽空接受我们访问的部分科学家的分享片段亦已经完成制作并上传至我们的网站和YouTube频道,欢迎大家重温活动精华以及发掘各位科学家们的分享和寄语。

    而前奏活动系列的第三个活动「探索新视野2023」已经定于今年2至3月期间举行。桂冠论坛十分感谢香港本地各大学的科学家/研究团队开放他们的实验室和科研设施,让我们可举办十多场的参观和分享会。活动邀请香港高年级中学生参与,我们相信这个活动将为对科学有兴趣的高中生提供宝贵机会,让他们了解实验室的环境,与科学家直接交流,了解更多科学家的工作、成长之路和科研过程中的高低起跌。透过活动,我们亦希望能够提高高中生对科学的兴趣以及对他们日后的科研发展有所帮助。「探索新视野2023」亦是「香港桂冠论坛中学生科学探索者奖励计划2022/2023」可获取积分的最后一个活动。在结算后,获得指定积分的参与学生将会受邀出席在3月份举行的「伴你启航」,届时亦会举行颁奖典礼。同学们记得留意我们的通知!

    另外,有关周遭动植物的网上活动「周围都系科学 –
    第二回合」已经于12月21日顺利举行,得奖名单也于12月30日公布。联合国《生物多样性公约》执行秘书Elizabeth
    Mrema曾经说过︰「生物多样性是关于维持人类最终依赖的生命网络。」事实上,在地球上,每一个生命都互相影响,相互倚赖。透过有趣的游戏,让大众认识更多与我们呼吸同口空气,住在同一土地上的「邻居」。桂冠论坛在此感谢各位活动参加者的支持。更多有关论坛最新的消息和活动资讯,记得留意我们的网站、社交媒体和下一期通讯!


    预测那「不可知」





    预测流感病毒的演化

    我们经常听到有人问:基因突变不是随机的吗?如果是随机的,病毒演化可以预测吗?事实上,病毒演化不同于基因突变。突变是指病毒在复制过程中出现的随机性错误,它没有特定的方向。而病毒演化则是由病毒突变、宿主免疫反应、以及环境共同构成的一个复杂过程。因此,虽然病毒基因的突变难以捉摸,我们却可透过模型追踪宿主中优势突变的动态来预测病毒的短期演化。正如尽管我们不知道风从哪里来,但我们可通过观察受风影响的物体来捉摸风的方向和力量。同理,宿主的免疫反应和环境增大病毒基因改变的压力,其中一些关键的突变会体现出人体免疫反应的选择趋势和病毒的传播情况。因此,透过研究病毒与其宿主共同刻画出的历史数据,我们便能够了解病毒的演化特征。

    铺垫了病毒演化预测的基本原理,建立病毒演化的模型仍是一份艰巨的工作,这需要收集大量的数据将病毒基因组和全球各地病毒流行的状况串联起来进行分析。比如,要捕捉H3N2病毒(季节性流感的其中一种主要亚型)演化的模式,我们要收集20
    年间的基因数据以及十多个国家疾控中心(CDC)发表的流感监测数据,并从中学习。对新冠病毒,我们需要研究分析上百万个病毒基因组。在演化生物学中,根据物种基因组之间的相互距离对物种进行聚类而建立的系统发育树是一种经典的分析工具,它能清晰的展示毒株之间的祖源关系以及病毒的演化历程。通过对系统发育树的分支优势(Luksza
    及 Lassig,2014)或分支进程(Neher 等人 2014、Huddleston
    等人,2020)进行建模,研究人员提出了几种方法来预测病毒未来演化的趋势。然而,我们采取了另一个角度来进行有关病毒演化的预测,不是如系统发育树般把整个基因序列当作基本分析的单位,而是把核苷酸位点上的演化动态视为模型要捕捉的主要目标。这种方法源于观察,即关键突变往往分阶段发生,部分有利的突变在疫情爆发高峰前几年已经出现,其余的则在随后几年和高峰季节期间发生(Wang、Lou
    等人,2021)。在宿主个体内,数十亿计的病毒被复制,产生有利、有害和中性的突变。在宿主免疫的高度压力下,携带有利突变的病毒能避开如抗体识别的免疫机制,并大量复制。那些携带重要突变的病毒更有机会传播给其他宿主,其后产生的突变(亦称为「尾随」或「辅助」突变)常常具有维持病毒的功能或稳定其蛋白质结构的功能,促进主流变种病毒的形成。因此,在主流毒株形成以先,病毒已经在残基置换下开始进行竞争和选择。这表示,建立基于核苷酸位点的演化模型可能会让我们更早找到影响演化历程的重要突变。我们提出了几个新的定量来量化这个过程,其中包括突变的有效期,它描述新变异在人群免疫反应下保持优势的时间;以及突变爆发的门阀值,它描述突变体的适应性到达何种程度时该病毒会引发新一波的大量人群感染。基于这些以及其他信息,我们开发了一套预测模型beth-1,找出能够代表未来病毒群组的最佳毒株,以作为制作疫苗的抗原蓝本(Lou
    等人,2022)。该模型所预测的疫苗株(如按设计生产),预计可使现有疫苗对 H3N2
    的保护效力升高绝对11.2%(95% CI:3.5-18.8)。我们亦正为
    SARS-CoV-2 病毒的演化开发预测演算法,目前数据显示,该模型能够在
    Omicron 变种病毒在人群中成为主流病毒的 6-12 个月前,找到关键突变。

     

    作者︰
    香港中文大学公共卫生及基层医疗学院王海天教授


    使用宇宙标准计时器测量宇宙



    自人类于地球诞生,我们一直尝试了解我们所在的宇宙。经过了数千载的观察和思考,我们已经发展了一套宇宙学标准模型,可让我们更好地描述宇宙热大爆炸以来的演化。然而,随著科技进步和精确测量技术的发展,更多结果显示观测和理论之间存在著矛盾,其中哈勃常数疑难,便是现代宇宙学中的一个迫在眉睫、亟待解决的问题。

    解决问题,必先了解问题。为化解上述宇宙学危机,科学家提出了多种方法,包括修正基础物理学和观测上的系统偏差。另一边厢,我们也为测量宇宙提出了一个名为「宇宙标准计时器」的新方法。采用此方法来研究宇宙动力学系统的演化,可让我们了解宇宙在不同时期的状态。掌握更多宇宙演化的信息,将助我们更好地理解宇宙学模型。



    宇宙的演化

    现代宇宙学始自于将引力描述为时空几何广义相对论。1917年,阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(Albert
    Einstein)以广义相对论为基础,建立了他的宇宙学模型,并据此描述了一个静态的宇宙。然而在宇宙扰动之下,这个静态宇宙学模型是不稳定的。在二十世纪二十年代,亚历山大·弗里德曼(Alexander
    Friedmann)提出了广义相对论的宇宙学解,认为视乎物质密度和时空曲率,宇宙既可能是膨胀的,也可能是收缩的。与此同时,乔治·勒梅特(Georges
    Lemaître)独立提出了相对论化的宇宙学方程,并指出可能是一个原初原子的爆炸引致宇宙诞生。

    直到1929年,宇宙演化的问题才首次获得解答。埃德温·哈勃(Edwin
    Hubble)发现遥远星系的光谱发生红移,这意味著这些星系正在远离我们,而且远离的速度与它们和地球的距离成正比,这就是著名的哈勃定律(见图1)。

    图1: 银河外星云的速度与距离关系

    所以,哈勃的观测证明了我们的宇宙正在膨胀。为了描述宇宙的膨胀速度,量化宇宙膨胀,我们把星系速度与距离关系的斜率定义为哈勃参数或称之为哈勃常数。

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大学物理系博士后选人丁干航先生


    科学与科技在香港气候行动的角色



    城市在各方面的重要性无容置疑。目前全球居住在城市的人口有 45
    亿,超过全球总人口一半;城市占据全球超过三份之二的经济活动及生产,制造的温室气体排放量占全球温室气体排放量的四分之三。随著城市发展,城市的人口数目将会进一步增长,预计到2050年全球城市人口将多达70亿。我们的科学认知已经非常清楚地表明,城市既是气候变化的首要元凶,也是以创新的方法减缓、适应及应变气候变化影响,从而达至可持续发展的重要来源。政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental
    Panel on Climate
    Change,IPCC)第六次评估(AR6)发表了三份工作组报告,内容包涵最新对气候变化的科学理解及全球气候变化影响、减缓、适应和脆弱度的研究。「城市政策制定者摘要」(Summary
    for Urban
    Policymakers,SUP)在去年11月第⼆⼗七届联合国气候变化⼤会(《联合国气候变化框架》第⼆⼗七次缔约⽅⼤会,即COP
    27)期间发表报告,综合IPCC这三份报告作出对城市面对气候变化的启示。本文将简单点出当中的重点,并提出科学与科技在香港减缓及适应气候变化的角色。



    气候变化对城市的影响

    图1:1958至2018年间全球表面空气温度(global surface
    air
    temperature)的趋势,其中城市录得显著的温度升幅。图片来源:「城市政策制定者摘要」(Summary
    for Urban Policymakers,SUP)。

    SUP的报告开宗明义指出,气候危机正在发生。人类活动所引致的气候变化,透过越来越极端的天气,影响地球上每个角落及不同的生态系统。气候变化对城市的影响特别严重。如图一所示,不少城市的温度在过去60年都录得显著的升幅,例如首尔有1.5°C升幅,伊朗德黑兰及印度加尔各答的升幅甚至达到2.33°C及2.6°C。在这期间,香港的平均气温上升了0.41°C。我们不能少看这0.41°C,香港天文台就指出气温上升,令海水变暖和膨胀,导致海平面上升、雨量亦增加,极端天气变得更频繁。有气候科学家预测,2050年海平面将上升0.5米,大大提高水浸的危机;高温也令海洋的水温上升,引发红潮,令大量海洋生物在海床缺氧下死亡。全球暖化亦有利蚊子生存和繁殖,使更多人蒙受患病风险。

    IPCC
    就指出,城市本身和城市化的过程会加剧气候变化对城市及其周边地区的影响,热岛效应就是其中一个例子。

     

    作者︰
    低碳想创坊高级项目主任郭晓忠先生


    2022年联合国《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会 — 相当于自然界的《巴黎协定》?



    经过两周的谈判磋商,联合国《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十五次会议(COP15)在2022年12月19日于加拿大蒙特利尔圆满结束。

    随著各国代表签定《昆明—蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》,COP15被视为是一个成功的会议。此框架的重点包括承诺在2030年前保护全球30%的陆地、水域和海洋资源(简称30
    x
    30承诺),及在2030年前投放2000亿美元于生物多样性相关的项目。有关COP15的更多详细资料,可参阅联合国气候变化公约框架的网站。

    联合国《生物多样性公约》执行秘书伊莉莎白.姆雷玛(Elizabeth
    Mrema)引用具历史意义的2015年巴黎协定,形容是次会议为「生物多样性的巴黎时刻」[1]。而该协定被视为是解决气候变化问题的分水岭。

    然而,很多专家对在使用农药和防止物种濒临灭绝等方面缺乏更强而有力的措施表示遗憾。

    究竟是次会议通过的框架会否成为标志性协定,以阻止我们的生态系统恶化及生物多样性丧失,仍是未知之数。说到底,能切实执行才是成功的关键。各国对执行《巴黎协定》的力度就是例证,目前只有少数国家能按照该协定的承诺减少碳排放,而已发展国家向发展中国家的洁净能源项目提供的资金援助也不足。因此,我们都要拭目以待。


  • newsletter (Jan 2023 – Issue 19)


    關於香港桂冠論壇



    歡迎大家來到香港桂冠論壇2023年1月份通訊。

    新年快樂!新的一年香港桂冠論壇恭祝大家兔年大吉,「兔」氣揚眉!

    每逢節日假期,特別是聖誕節和新年,很多人會和家人享受聖誕大餐、吃團年飯、或是外出到主題樂園遊玩。桂冠論壇乘著節日的喜慶,製作了一系列名為「Science
    @ Festive
    Feast」的短片和大家分享喜悅。短片會帶大家一同拆解聖誕蛋糕、爆谷、棉花糖、分子料理、團年必備的湯丸等美食背後一些和科學有關的原理和知識,請立即到我們的網站和YouTube頻道收看!

    首屆桂冠論壇新一輪前奏活動系列的首兩個活動「科學界女強人 –
    激發下一代力量」和「智者‧智講2.0」先後在去年7月和11月順利舉行。除了活動的精華外,活動期間抽空接受我們訪問的部分科學家的分享片段亦已經完成製作並上傳至我們的網站和YouTube頻道,歡迎大家重溫活動精華以及發掘各位科學家們的分享和寄語。

    而前奏活動系列的第三個活動「探索新視野2023」已經定於今年2至3月期間舉行。桂冠論壇十分感謝香港本地各大學的科學家/研究團隊開放他們的實驗室和科研設施,讓我們可舉辦十多場的參觀和分享會。活動邀請香港高年級中學生參與,我們相信這個活動將為對科學有興趣的高中生提供寶貴機會,讓他們了解實驗室的環境,與科學家直接交流,了解更多科學家的工作、成長之路和科研過程中的高低起跌。透過活動,我們亦希望能夠提高高中生對科學的興趣以及對他們日後的科研發展有所幫助。「探索新視野2023」亦是「香港桂冠論壇中學生科學探索者獎勵計劃2022/2023」可獲取積分的最後一個活動。在結算後,獲得指定積分的參與學生將會受邀出席在3月份舉行的「伴你啟航」,屆時亦會舉行頒獎典禮。同學們記得留意我們的通知!

    另外,有關周遭動植物的網上活動「周圍都係科學 –
    第二回合」已經於12月21日順利舉行,得獎名單也於12月30日公佈。聯合國《生物多樣性公約》執行秘書Elizabeth
    Mrema曾經說過︰「生物多樣性是關於維持人類最終依賴的生命網絡。」事實上,在地球上,每一個生命都互相影響,相互倚賴。透過有趣的遊戲,讓大眾認識更多與我們呼吸同口空氣,住在同一土地上的「鄰居」。桂冠論壇在此感謝各位活動參加者的支持。更多有關論壇最新的消息和活動資訊,記得留意我們的網站、社交媒體和下一期通訊!


    預測那「不可知」





    預測流感病毒的演化

    我們經常聽到有人問:基因突變不是隨機的嗎?如果是隨機的,病毒演化可以預測嗎?事實上,病毒演化不同於基因突變。突變是指病毒在複製過程中出現的隨機性錯誤,它沒有特定的方向。而病毒演化則是由病毒突變、宿主免疫反應、以及環境共同構成的一個複雜過程。因此,雖然病毒基因的突變難以捉摸,我們卻可透過模型追蹤宿主中優勢突變的動態來預測病毒的短期演化。正如儘管我們不知道風從哪裡來,但我們可通過觀察受風影響的物體來捉摸風的方向和力量。同理,宿主的免疫反應和環境增大病毒基因改變的壓力,其中一些關鍵的突變會體現出人體免疫反應的選擇趨勢和病毒的傳播情況。因此,透過研究病毒與其宿主共同刻畫出的歷史數據,我們便能夠了解病毒的演化特徵。

    鋪墊了病毒演化預測的基本原理,建立病毒演化的模型仍是一份艱巨的工作,這需要收集大量的數據將病毒基因組和全球各地病毒流行的狀況串聯起來進行分析。比如,要捕捉H3N2病毒(季節性流感的其中一種主要亞型)演化的模式,我們要收集20
    年間的基因數據以及十多個國家疾控中心(CDC)發表的流感監測數據,並從中學習。對新冠病毒,我們需要研究分析上百萬個病毒基因組。在演化生物學中,根據物種基因組之間的相互距離對物種進行聚類而建立的系統發育樹是一種經典的分析工具,它能清晰的展示毒株之間的祖源關係以及病毒的演化歷程。通過對系統發育樹的分支優勢(Luksza
    及 Lassig,2014)或分支進程(Neher 等人 2014、Huddleston
    等人,2020)進行建模,研究人員提出了幾種方法來預測病毒未來演化的趨勢。然而,我們採取了另一個角度來進行有關病毒演化的預測,不是如系統發育樹般把整個基因序列當作基本分析的單位,而是把核苷酸位點上的演化動態視為模型要捕捉的主要目標。這種方法源於觀察,即關鍵突變往往分階段發生,部分有利的突變在疫情爆發高峰前幾年已經出現,其餘的則在隨後幾年和高峰季節期間發生(Wang、Lou
    等人,2021)。在宿主個體內,數十億計的病毒被複製,產生有利、有害和中性的突變。在宿主免疫的高度壓力下,携帶有利突變的病毒能避開如抗體識別的免疫機制,並大量複製。那些携帶重要突變的病毒更有機會傳播給其他宿主,其後產生的突變(亦稱為「尾隨」或「輔助」突變)常常具有維持病毒的功能或穩定其蛋白質結構的功能,促進主流變種病毒的形成。因此,在主流毒株形成以先,病毒已經在殘基置換下開始進行競爭和選擇。這表示,建立基於核苷酸位點的演化模型可能會讓我們更早找到影響演化歷程的重要突變。我們提出了幾個新的定量來量化這個過程,其中包括突變的有效期,它描述新變異在人群免疫反應下保持優勢的時間;以及突變爆發的門閥值,它描述突變體的適應性到達何種程度時該病毒會引發新一波的大量人群感染。基於這些以及其他信息,我們開發了一套預測模型beth-1,找出能夠代表未來病毒群組的最佳毒株,以作為製作疫苗的抗原藍本(Lou
    等人,2022)。該模型所預測的疫苗株(如按設計生產),預計可使現有疫苗對 H3N2
    的保護效力升高絕對11.2%(95% CI:3.5-18.8)。我們亦正為
    SARS-CoV-2 病毒的演化開發預測演算法,目前數據顯示,該模型能夠在
    Omicron 變種病毒在人群中成為主流病毒的 6-12 個月前,找到關鍵突變。

     

    作者︰
    香港中文大學公共衛生及基層醫療學院王海天教授


    使用宇宙標準計時器測量宇宙



    自人類於地球誕生,我們一直嘗試了解我們所在的宇宙。經過了數千載的觀察和思考,我們已經發展了一套宇宙學標準模型,可讓我們更好地描述宇宙熱大爆炸以來的演化。然而,隨著科技進步和精確測量技術的發展,更多結果顯示觀測和理論之間存在著矛盾,其中哈勃常數疑難,便是現代宇宙學中的一個迫在眉睫、亟待解決的問題。

    解決問題,必先了解問題。為化解上述宇宙學危機,科學家提出了多種方法,包括修正基礎物理學和觀測上的系統偏差。另一邊廂,我們也為測量宇宙提出了一個名為「宇宙標準計時器」的新方法。採用此方法來研究宇宙動力學系統的演化,可讓我們了解宇宙在不同時期的狀態。掌握更多宇宙演化的信息,將助我們更好地理解宇宙學模型。



    宇宙的演化

    現代宇宙學始自於將引力描述為時空幾何廣義相對論。1917年,阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦(Albert
    Einstein)以廣義相對論為基礎,建立了他的宇宙學模型,並據此描述了一個靜態的宇宙。然而在宇宙擾動之下,這個靜態宇宙學模型是不穩定的。在二十世紀二十年代,亞歷山大·弗裡德曼(Alexander
    Friedmann)提出了廣義相對論的宇宙學解,認為視乎物質密度和時空曲率,宇宙既可能是膨脹的,也可能是收縮的。與此同時,喬治·勒梅特(Georges
    Lemaître)獨立提出了相對論化的宇宙學方程,並指出可能是一個原初原子的爆炸引致宇宙誕生。

    直到1929年,宇宙演化的問題才首次獲得解答。埃德溫·哈勃(Edwin
    Hubble)發現遙遠星系的光譜發生紅移,這意味著這些星系正在遠離我們,而且遠離的速度與它們和地球的距離成正比,這就是著名的哈勃定律(見圖1)。

    圖1: 銀河外星雲的速度與距離關係

    所以,哈勃的觀測證明了我們的宇宙正在膨脹。為了描述宇宙的膨脹速度,量化宇宙膨脹,我們把星系速度與距離關係的斜率定義為哈勃參數或稱之為哈勃常數。

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大學物理系博士後選人丁乾航先生


    科學與科技在香港氣候行動的角色



    城市在各方面的重要性無容置疑。目前全球居住在城市的人口有 45
    億,超過全球總人口一半;城市佔據全球超過三份之二的經濟活動及生產,製造的溫室氣體排放量佔全球溫室氣體排放量的四分之三。隨著城市發展,城市的人口數目將會進一步增長,預計到2050年全球城市人口將多達70億。我們的科學認知已經非常清楚地表明,城市既是氣候變化的首要元兇,也是以創新的方法減緩、適應及應變氣候變化影響,從而達至可持續發展的重要來源。政府間氣候變化專門委員會(Intergovernmental
    Panel on Climate
    Change,IPCC)第六次評估(AR6)發表了三份工作組報告,內容包涵最新對氣候變化的科學理解及全球氣候變化影響、減緩、適應和脆弱度的研究。「城市政策制定者摘要」(Summary
    for Urban
    Policymakers,SUP)在去年11月第⼆⼗七屆聯合國氣候變化⼤會(《聯合國氣候變化框架》第⼆⼗七次締約⽅⼤會,即COP
    27)期間發表報告,綜合IPCC這三份報告作出對城市面對氣候變化的啟示。本文將簡單點出當中的重點,並提出科學與科技在香港減緩及適應氣候變化的角色。



    氣候變化對城市的影響

    圖1:1958至2018年間全球表面空氣溫度(global surface
    air
    temperature)的趨勢,其中城市錄得顯著的溫度升幅。圖片來源:「城市政策制定者摘要」(Summary
    for Urban Policymakers,SUP)。

    SUP的報告開宗明義指出,氣候危機正在發生。人類活動所引致的氣候變化,透過越來越極端的天氣,影響地球上每個角落及不同的生態系統。氣候變化對城市的影響特別嚴重。如圖一所示,不少城市的溫度在過去60年都錄得顯著的升幅,例如首爾有1.5°C升幅,伊朗德黑蘭及印度加爾各答的升幅甚至達到2.33°C及2.6°C。在這期間,香港的平均氣溫上升了0.41°C。我們不能少看這0.41°C,香港天文台就指出氣溫上升,令海水變暖和膨脹,導致海平面上升、雨量亦增加,極端天氣變得更頻繁。有氣候科學家預測,2050年海平面將上升0.5米,大大提高水浸的危機;高溫也令海洋的水溫上升,引發紅潮,令大量海洋生物在海床缺氧下死亡。全球暖化亦有利蚊子生存和繁殖,使更多人蒙受患病風險。

    IPCC
    就指出,城市本身和城市化的過程會加劇氣候變化對城市及其周邊地區的影響,熱島效應就是其中一個例子。

     

    作者︰
    低碳想創坊高級項目主任郭曉忠先生


    2022年聯合國《生物多樣性公約》締約方大會 — 相當於自然界的《巴黎協定》?



    經過兩周的談判磋商,聯合國《生物多樣性公約》締約方大會第十五次會議(COP15)在2022年12月19日於加拿大蒙特利爾圓滿結束。

    隨著各國代表簽定《昆明—蒙特利爾全球生物多樣性框架》,COP15被視為是一個成功的會議。此框架的重點包括承諾在2030年前保護全球30%的陸地、水域和海洋資源(簡稱30
    x
    30承諾),及在2030年前投放2000億美元於生物多樣性相關的項目。有關COP15的更多詳細資料,可參閱聯合國氣候變化公約框架的網站。

    聯合國《生物多樣性公約》執行秘書伊莉莎白.姆雷瑪(Elizabeth
    Mrema)引用具歷史意義的2015年巴黎協定,形容是次會議為「生物多樣性的巴黎時刻」[1]。而該協定被視為是解決氣候變化問題的分水嶺。

    然而,很多專家對在使用農藥和防止物種瀕臨滅絕等方面缺乏更強而有力的措施表示遺憾。

    究竟是次會議通過的框架會否成為標誌性協定,以阻止我們的生態系統惡化及生物多樣性喪失,仍是未知之數。說到底,能切實執行才是成功的關鍵。各國對執行《巴黎協定》的力度就是例證,目前只有少數國家能按照該協定的承諾減少碳排放,而已發展國家向發展中國家的潔淨能源項目提供的資金援助也不足。因此,我們都要拭目以待。


  • newsletter (Mar 2023 – Issue 20)


    About the Hong Kong Laureate Forum



    Welcome to the March 2023 issue of the
    newsletter of the Hong Kong Laureate
    Forum!

    With a view to creating opportunities for
    more students to step outside the
    classroom and enter the world of science,
    the HKLF organised the third chapter of
    our new series of the “Prelude to the
    Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum”,
    “Exploring New Horizons 2023”. The
    12-session programme, which comprised of
    laboratory visits and dialogues, was
    arranged in collaboration, once again, with
    local scientists / research teams in Hong
    Kong for Hong Kong senior secondary
    students during February to March 2023. Over
    300 participants took part in the
    event. Participating students and teachers
    were thrilled to be able to visit
    laboratories, be exposed to advanced
    equipment, observe scientists at work and
    exchange ideas with them, as well as learn
    about the latest development of
    scientific research in Hong Kong. The HKLF
    is grateful to the students and
    teachers for their participation. Also, our
    heartfelt gratitude to the local
    scientists / research teams for their
    continuous support to the HKLF. They
    include: Prof Chu Ming-chung, Choh-Ming Li
    Professor of Physics, Dr Patrick Tang,
    Assistant Professor of Department of
    Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prof Chow
    Hei Man, Assistant Professor of School of
    Life Sciences, all of The Chinese
    University of Hong Kong, Dr Carmen Wong,
    Associate Professor of Department of
    Pathology of The University of Hong Kong,
    Prof Tom Cheung, Associate Professor of
    Division of Life Science of The Hong Kong
    University of Science and Technology, Dr
    Sean Hon, Assistant Professor of Department
    of Mathematics of Hong Kong Baptist
    University, Dr Eric Sze, Associate Professor
    of School of Science and Technology
    of Hong Kong Metropolitan University, as
    well as the University of Hong Kong –
    Pasteur Research Pole and Centre for
    Immunology and Infection.

    The “Geared Up Muster cum The HKLF Science
    Explorer Award Scheme 2022/23
    Presentation Ceremony” was successfully held
    on 25 March. On the event day, Mrs Do
    Pang Wai Yee, Secretary General of the HKLF,
    encouraged awardees to continue their
    ardent pursuit of science and work hard to
    realise their dream. We are very
    honoured that the Programme Steering
    Committee Advisor of the HKLF, Prof Chu
    Ming-chung, Choh-Ming Li Professor of
    Physics of The Chinese University of Hong
    Kong, took time out from his busy schedule
    to attend the event. He shared his stories
    in the journey exploring science and
    encouraged
    students to keep the passion for what they
    are interested in. All
    participating students benefited greatly
    from his words of wisdom on
    finding one’s path. The participating
    Secondary
    6 students also shared their own interests
    in science and how they overcame
    difficulties in their study. Prof Chu and Mr
    Lin Chun Pong, Chairman of Hong Kong
    Association of the Heads of Secondary
    Schools, presented award certificates to
    commend students who actively participated
    in the scheme and earned specified
    points. 43 and 37 students were given gold
    and silver award certificates
    respectively in recognition of their
    participation. Once again, congratulations
    to
    all the awardees! We truly hope that they
    can continue to equip themselves and
    embark on their scientific research journey.

    With a successful conclusion of the “Prelude
    to the Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate
    Forum”, the Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate
    Forum is beckoning! The following Shaw
    Laureates who have attended prelude events
    will also come to Hong Kong to join
    this world-class academic exchange
    event:
    – Prof Jean-Michel Bismut, Shaw Laureate in
    Mathematical Sciences 2021
    – Prof Roger D Blandford, Shaw Laureate in
    Astronomy 2020
    – Prof Gero Miesenböck, Shaw Laureate in
    Life Science and Medicine 2020
    – Prof Simon D M White, Shaw Laureate in
    Astronomy 2017
    – Prof Steven A Balbus, Shaw Laureate in
    Astronomy 2013
    – Prof Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Shaw Laureate in
    Life Science and Medicine 2012
    More Shaw Laureates will attend the Forum to
    interact with about 200 young
    scientists from around the world and share
    their views, insights and aspirations
    in various scientific fields. Please stay
    tuned for the latest information!

    In tandem with the pacy preparation of the
    Forum, we continue to explore
    opportunities for the young generation to
    interact with scientists. The HKLF will
    collaborate with The Hong Kong Academy for
    Gifted Education (HKAGE) for the first
    time and invite the Programme Steering
    Committee Advisor of HKLF, Prof Chu
    Ming-chung, Choh-Ming Li Professor of
    Physics of The Chinese University of Hong
    Kong, to attend the final presentation
    session of the Astronomy Course (Level IV):
    Cosmos – An Investigative Study (Phase 3)
    conducted by the HKAGE, which will be
    held on 15 April, as a guest. He
    will provide advice, on the research
    findings presented by the gifted students
    participating in the course, so as to
    inspire and encourage them. We will continue
    to cooperate with the HKAGE to arrange
    more science-related activities to provide
    more opportunities to members for
    exploration and exchange of ideas.

    In addition, the online campaign “Science is
    Everywhere – Round 3” on getting to
    know the solar system was completed on 16
    March and the result was announced on 27
    March. Blaise Pascal once said, “When I
    consider the short duration of my life,
    swallowed up in the eternity before and
    after, the little space which I fill, and
    even can see, engulfed in the infinite
    immensity of spaces of which I am ignorant,
    and which know me not, I am frightened.” The
    universe is vast, with many galaxies
    similar to the Milky Way in which the solar
    system is embedded, and Earth, is only
    one of the planets orbiting the Sun. Through
    this interesting game, the public can
    learn more about their own galaxy and
    further understand the planets in the solar
    system. This is the last round of “Science
    is Everywhere” and the HKLF would like
    to thank all participants for their support.

    Stay tuned to our website, social media and
    the next newsletter for the latest
    information about the Forum and other
    events!


    Population-Aware Sequential Flight Path
    Optimisation for Low-Noise and Low-Fuel
    Consumption Departure Trajectory



    With the increase in air traffic over the
    past decades, the reduction of aircraft
    noise is one of the major challenges facing
    stakeholders. Flight operating
    conditions that decrease noise may possibly
    increase the fuel consumption of
    aircraft, which is an important factor in
    airline cost management. In this paper,
    we propose a methodology to support flight
    path planning with the aim of
    optimising both perceived noise and fuel
    consumption. We decompose an aircraft
    flight trajectory into surface and altitude
    paths to model relevant air
    transportation constraints. The shortest
    path for the surface projection is found
    using Dubins path method and an improved A*
    algorithm, which considers guide
    points according to the flight destination,
    runway angles, spatial separation of
    aircraft near the airport, population
    distribution, and steering motion. The
    altitude path is optimised for low-perceived
    noise and low-fuel consumption, which
    is determined by solving the longitudinal
    governing equations of motion of flight
    using the distance computed from this
    surface path. A modified nondominated
    sorting genetic algorithm II for discrete
    optimisation is developed to obtain
    Pareto fronts of the optimum altitude paths
    with reduced computational effort. The
    methodology is demonstrated by simulating
    flights departing from Hong Kong
    International Airport to two compulsory air-
    traffic-service reporting points. The
    results are then compared with Quick Access
    Recorder data and Standard Instrument
    Departure (SID) tracks. Although certain
    factors in air transportation that affect
    departure path planning, such as weather
    patterns and air traffic mix, are not
    considered in this method, the resulting
    surface path exhibits a close similarity
    with SID tracks. The resulting Pareto fronts
    of the altitude path exhibit
    reductions in fuel consumption and perceived
    noise levels. The trade-offs between
    fuel consumption and perceived noise levels
    are also discussed based on the
    relevant flight physics for the different
    routes.


    I. Introduction

    The rapid growth of air traffic and the
    increased aircraft noise as a consequence
    has led to adverse effects on residents
    living near airports, including sleep
    disturbance and stress-related health
    effects. This issue can be addressed either
    through aircraft design or air traffic
    management, among other approaches. For
    aircraft design, new airframes and engines
    can be designed to reduce the source
    noise of an aircraft. Since the 1980s,
    further noise reduction by changing the
    aircraft design has been very difficult to
    achieve without affecting operating
    costs. For air traffic management, the
    flight routes can be altered to reduce
    perceived noise, e.g., by increasing the
    climb rate after take-off. This approach
    is more “practical”, but does not address
    the issue of reducing source noise and
    may potentially increase fuel consumption.
    The perceived noise and fuel
    consumption are dependent on changes in
    engine power settings and distance between
    the aircraft and the observer in a complex
    manner. Fuel consumption is an
    important factor directly related to airline
    revenues and is also proportional to
    air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
    Hence, it must be considered
    simultaneously with the perceived noise when
    optimising operating conditions
    during flight.

    In practice, the departure paths around
    airports are guided by Standard Instrument
    Departure (SID) procedures. SID is the coded
    flight procedure from the point where
    the departure route begins to the first
    fix/facility/waypoint of the en-route
    phase, which varies across airports. The
    civil aviation authorities of each
    country design and publish SID in accordance
    with the design criteria specified in
    ICAO Doc. 8168, taking into account factors
    including, but not limited to, runway
    angles, terrain, obstacle avoidance,
    aircraft performance, airspace management,
    and environmental concerns. According to the
    Civil Aviation Department (CAD) in
    Hong Kong, the design procedure starts with
    a preliminary discussion with
    stakeholders, including the operators/pilots
    and air traffic controllers. The
    flyability of the preliminary tracks under
    different weather and loading scenarios
    is then tested in flight simulations and
    subsequently validated by actual flight
    tests before publication. Computational
    optimisation research to refine the
    process of departure path design with
    quantitative standards has been conducted by
    Zachary et al., Prats et al., Torres et al.,
    Ho- Huu et al., Filippone et al., and
    Thomas and Hansman. These studies proposed
    multi-objective or multilevel departure
    path planning methodologies considering both
    fuel consumption and perceived noise
    level. However, to the best of our
    knowledge, these studies do not take into
    account the combined effect of guide points
    according to flight destinations
    (i.e., the compulsory Air Traffic Service
    [ATS] reporting points considered in
    this study), obstacle restrictions provided
    by the Aeronautical Information
    Publication (AIP), and population and
    topological information. Some of them do not
    compare their results against existing SID
    tracks or flight data either. To
    address these gaps, this paper presents a
    departure path planning methodology for
    low-noise and low-fuel consumption that
    simultaneously considers all of the above
    factors.

     

    Authors:
    Prof Rhea P. Liem, Assistant Professor,
    Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
    Engineering, The Hong Kong University of
    Science and Technology
    Dr Dajung Kim, Postdoctoral Researcher, The
    Hong Kong University of Science and
    Technology
    Associate Editor:
    I Hwang


    Blood-Based miRNA Tests: A Promising Tool
    for the Early Detection of Multiple
    Types of Cancer



    Cancer is a major global health problem.
    According to the World Health
    Organisation (WHO), there was an estimated
    19.3 million new cancer cases and 10
    million cancer-related deaths worldwide in
    2020, representing an increase of 28%
    in the global cancer burden since 2010 (WHO,
    2020).

    One of the main challenges in cancer
    treatment is late diagnosis and its
    consequential negative impact on patient
    outcomes. According to the American
    Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for
    breast cancer is 90% when detected at
    an early stage, compared to 15% when
    detected at a late stage (American Cancer
    Society, n.d.).

    Blood-based tests and other new screening
    methods have the potential to improve
    early detection of cancer, which could have
    a significant impact on patient
    outcomes. For example, a study published in
    the journal Science Translational
    Medicine in 2018 finds that a blood test
    that detects eight common cancer types
    with high accuracy has the potential to
    discover cancer at an early stage, up to
    four years before symptoms appear (Cohen et
    al., 2018).



    Cancer biomarkers and their role in
    early detection

    Cancer biomarkers, which is found to provide
    a way to identify cancer before
    symptoms appear (Smith, 2020), play a
    critical role in early cancer detection. The
    identification of these biomarkers has been
    made possible through advancements in
    genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics.
    Cancer biomarkers can be found in
    various body fluids such as blood, urine or
    saliva, and their analysis can provide
    important information about the presence and
    stage of cancer.

     

    Author:
    Dr Clement Lim, Head of Medical Affairs
    (Early Detection), MiRXES


    Haber Process: More Than Just Nitrogen and
    Ammonia



    Have you ever doubted how the agricultural
    supply manages to feed the
    exponentially growing world population? One
    of the keys is to provide nitrogen, an
    essential nutrient for good yields, through
    the use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
    The question then becomes: Where does all
    that nitrogen come from?



    Haber Process

    The answer is the Haber process – it should
    ring a bell to some of you, especially
    those taking chemistry classes. To recap
    briefly, it was discovered by the German
    chemist Fritz Haber, who was later awarded
    the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918.
    Unlike its suboptimal predecessors, the
    Haber process was more energy-efficient
    and scalable in converting nitrogen into
    ammonia, which could be further processed
    into nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium
    nitrate (NH4NO3)
    and urea ((NH2)2CO).

    N2(g) +
    3H2(g) ⇌
    2NH3(g)

    Such an improvement can be attributed to the
    Le Chatelier’s principle (footnote
    1), where chemists maximize yields by
    casting some magic on chemical equilibrium
    and kinetics – in industrial practice, the
    Haber process operates at both high
    temperature (around 450 ℃) and high pressure
    (around 200 atm) [2]. The above is
    only a general picture of the process, if
    not a tip of the iceberg (most probably
    you have seen it in textbooks!). Let’s dig
    deeper into the steps behind the short
    equation.

     

    Author:
    Lambert Leung, Student Editor, Science
    Focus, The Hong Kong University of Science
    and Technology


    Green Comet



     

    Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF), 30 Jan 2023

    Discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility
    in March 2022, this long period comet
    reached its closest position to Earth on 1
    February, and will only pay its next
    visit to Earth after another 50,000 years.
    The green coma and tail were visible
    from Earth observing with a telescope. *The
    green colour comes from the fact that
    it contains diatomic carbon (C2) which is
    bright in green wavelengths of light.

    *Source: National Geographic

    Acknowledgement: Fishie Chung, The Chinese
    University of Hong Kong


  • newsletter (Mar 2023 – Issue 20)


    關於香港桂冠論壇



    歡迎大家來到香港桂冠論壇2023年3月份通訊。

    為了讓更多學生走出課室,走進科學世界,桂冠論壇於本年2至3月期間舉辦首屆香港桂冠論壇新一輪前奏活動系列的第三個主題活動「探索新視野2023」,再度聯同香港本地科學家/研究團隊,為香港高年級中學生安排一連12場的實驗室參觀及分享會,而活動吸引超過300人參與。參與的學生及同行老師很高興能夠透過活動,參觀實驗室,體驗先進設備,觀摩科學家的工作實況,與科學家直接交流,及了解香港最新科研發展。桂冠論壇感謝各位學生及老師踴躍參與,亦再次感謝一眾本地科學家/研究團隊的支持,包括:香港中文大學卓敏物理學教授朱明中教授、病理解剖及細胞學系助理教授鄧銘權博士及生命科學學院助理教授周熙文教授、香港大學病理學系黃澤蕾博士、香港科技大學生命科學部副教授張曉東教授、香港浸會大學數學系助理教授韓汝星博士、香港都會大學科技學院副教授史東甫博士、香港大學
    – 巴斯德研究中心及免疫與感染研究中心。

    而「伴你啟航暨香港桂冠論壇中學生科學探索者獎勵計劃2022/23頒獎典禮」已於3月25日完滿舉行。活動當天,香港桂冠論壇秘書長杜彭慧儀女士鼓勵學生持續對科學的熱誠及為自己的理想發奮。我們十分高興邀請到論壇活動指導委員會成員香港中文大學卓敏物理學教授朱明中教授百忙中抽空出席是次活動,分享他於探索科學中遇到的趣事,並鼓勵學生對有興趣之事保持熱誠,而他對尋找個人路向的寄語令一眾學生獲益良多。參與獎勵計劃的中六生也互相分享了對科學範疇的興趣及如何克服所遇的困難。朱明中教授亦與香港中學校長會主席連鎮邦先生頒授證書,表揚參與獎勵計劃並獲指定積分的學生,當中有43名學生獲金獎證書,37名學生獲銀獎證書。我們再次恭喜得獎學生,希望他們能夠繼續裝備自己,踏上科研之旅!

    所有前奏活動已圓滿結束,意味着首屆桂冠論壇即將來臨!過往曾出席前奏活動的邵逸夫獎得獎者,也會到訪香港,親臨這個世界級學術交流盛會,當中包括:
    – 2021年度邵逸夫數學科學獎得獎者尚–米歇爾.比斯姆教授
    – 2020年邵逸夫天文學獎得獎者羅傑.布蘭福德
    – 2020年邵逸夫生命科學與醫學獎得獎者格羅.米森伯克
    – 2017年邵逸夫天文學獎得獎者西蒙.懷特教授
    – 2013年邵逸夫天文學獎得獎者史蒂芬.拜爾巴斯教授
    – 2012年邵逸夫生命科學與醫學獎得獎者弗朗茲–烏爾里奇.哈特爾教授
    屆時將有更多邵逸夫獎得獎者出席論壇,與來自世界各地約200位年輕科學家交流真知灼見,啟發科學靈感。敬請期待!

    在密鑼緊鼓地籌備首屆桂冠論壇的同時,我們亦繼續開拓年輕一代與科學家交流的機會。香港桂冠論壇將首度與香港資優教育學苑合作,邀請論壇活動指導委員會成員香港中文大學卓敏物理學教授朱明中教授,擔任學苑於4月15日舉辦的天文學課程—宇宙的調查研究(第三階段)的研究成果發佈的嘉賓,聆聽參與課程的資優生的研究成果,並提供意見,使各資優生從中得到更多啟發。我們將會繼續與香港資優教育學苑合作,安排更多科學相關活動,令學員有更多交流機會。

    另外,有關太陽系的網上活動「周圍都係科學 –
    第三回合」已於3月16日順利舉行,得獎名單亦已於3月27日公佈。法國哲學家Blaise
    Pascal曾經說過:「當想到我短暫的生命會吞沒於永恆時間,以及我所佔據的狹小空間會消融在陌生的無限空間,我便感到驚慌。」宇宙很大,有無數與太陽系身處的銀河系相類似的星系,而地球只是圍繞着太陽系的太陽運行的其中一顆行星。透過有趣的遊戲,大眾可以認識自己身處所在的星系,進一步了解太陽系各個行星。這次是「周圍都係科學」的最後一個回合,桂冠論壇在此感謝所有活動參與者的支持。

    更多有關論壇最新的消息和活動資訊,記得留意我們的網站、社交媒體和下一期通訊!


    考量人口因素的低噪音低燃油起飛軌跡連續優化研究



    過去數十年,隨著空中交通愈趨繁忙,降低飛機噪音是持份者需要面對的其中一項重大挑戰。但是要在飛行途中降低噪音,便可能會消耗更多飛機燃料,對於航空公司成本管理而言,這是一個必須考慮的因素。我們將會在本文提出一種規劃飛行航道的方法,當中的目標是降低人們感知到的噪音以及燃料消耗。我們將飛機的航跡分拆成地平面和高度兩條航道,以模擬航空運輸所面對的相關限制,並且會利用Dubins航道法及經改良的A*演算法,來找出地平面投影的最短航道,當中的演算法會根據飛行目的地、跑道角度、機場附近的飛機間隔、人口分佈,以及飛機轉向運動來考慮引導點。另外,我們亦會利用地平面航道計算出的距離,解構飛行運動的縱向公式來確定如何優化高度航道,從而降低人們感知到的噪音以及飛機燃料消耗。為了進行離散優化,我們設計了一個經改良的非支配型排序遺傳演算法II
    (NSGA-II),從而在減少運算難度之下得到最佳高度航道的帕累托前沿(Pareto
    fronts)。透過模擬從香港國際機場起飛,飛到兩個強制位置報告點來展示這個方法的成效。之後,我們會將結果與快速存取記錄器
    (Quick Access Recorder)
    的數據以及標準儀表離場(SID)程序的路徑進行比較。雖然這個方法並未考慮在航空運輸期間某些會令離場航道規劃受到影響的因素,例如天氣情況以及空中交通組合,但是得出的地平面航道卻與SID的路徑十分相似。由此得出高度航道的帕累托前沿,顯示可降低燃料消耗以及人們感知到的噪音水平。另外,我們亦根據不同航線的相關飛行物理學,分析了如何在燃料消耗和人們感知到的噪音水平之間權衡利弊。


    I.簡介

    空中交通的迅速發展,及由此產生的飛機噪音的增加,導致居住在機場附近的居民飽受困擾,影響他們的睡眠,及出現與壓力有關的健康問題。這個問題可以透過飛機設計或空中交通管理等方法來解決。在飛機設計方面,我們可以設計新的飛機機體及引擎,以降低飛機發出的噪音。但自1980年代以來,要在不影響營運成本之下透過改變飛機設計來進一步降低噪音,是一件相當困難的事。至於空中交通管理方面,我們可以改變飛行航道以減少感知到的噪音,例如增加飛機起飛後的爬升率。雖然這個做法較為「務實」,但未能解決將飛機噪音降低的問題,同時可能會令燃料消耗增加。人們感知到的噪音以及燃料消耗,會受到引擎動力的設定以及飛機與觀察者之間距離的變化所影響,情況相當複雜。燃料消耗會直接影響航空公司的收入,同時亦與空氣污染及溫室氣體排放量成正比。因此,在優化航機的操作條件時,我們亦必須同時考慮人們感知到的噪音。

    在實際情況下,機場四周的離場航道是以標準儀表離場(SID)程序作為指引。SID是指從離場航線開始的起點,直到航途階段中首個定位點/設施/航點的經編碼航行程序,不同的機場會有不同的SID。各國民航當局均按照ICAO
    Doc.
    8168中訂明的設計標準來設計及公佈SID,當中考慮的因素包括但不限於跑道角度、地形、需避開的障礙物、飛機性能、空域管理以及環境問題。根據香港民航處(CAD),在設計SID時,有關人員會先與持份者(包括營運商/機師及空中交通管制員)進行初步討論。之後,便會在模擬飛行中測試初步路徑在不同天氣和承載量下的可飛程度,再在發佈該路徑前透過實際的航行測試來加以驗證。Zachary等人、Prats等人、Torres等人、Ho-Huu等人、Filippone等人,以及Thomas和Hansman進行了優化計算的研究,以在定量標準下改良離場航道的設計程序。這些研究建議採用多目標或多層次的起飛航道規劃方法,當中同時考慮到燃料消耗和感知到的噪音水平。然而,據我們所知,這些研究並未根據航行目的地(即本研究考慮的強制性[ATS]位置報告點)、由航行資料彙編(AIP)提供的障礙物限制,以及人口和地形的資訊,來考慮引導點所產生的綜合影響。其中有部分研究亦未有將其取得的結果,與現有的SID路徑或航班數據進行比較。為了彌補這方面的不足,本文在同時考慮上述所有因素下,提出了一個旨在帶來低噪音和低燃料消耗的起飛航道規劃方法。

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大學機械及航空航天工程系助理教授Rhea Liem教授
    香港科技大學博士後研究員Dajung Kim博士
    副主編:
    I Hwang


    基於血液的 miRNA 測試:一種有望能及早檢測出多種癌症的工具



    癌症是一個威脅全球的重大健康問題。根據世界衛生組織(WHO)的估計,2020年全球新增癌症病例約為1,930萬宗,與癌症相關的死亡個案為1,000萬宗,這代表自2010年以來全球癌症負擔增加了 28%(WHO,2020年)。

    延遲診斷是治療癌症的其中一項最大挑戰,並因此會減低患者的治療效果。根據美國癌症協會的數據顯示,乳癌如能在早期階段發現,5年存活率達90%;然而晚期診斷的存活率卻只有15%(美國癌症協會,日期不詳)。

    透過基於血液的測試以及其他嶄新的篩查方法,或能協助我們及早發現癌症,從而顯著改善患者的治療效果。舉例而言,一項在2018年於《科學轉化醫學》(Science Translational
    Medicine)期刊上發表的研究發現,一種能準確檢測8種常見癌症的血液測試,有可能在癌症病徵出現前4年發現癌症(Cohen等,2018年)。



    癌症生物標記及其在早期檢測中的作用

    研究人員發現,透過癌症生物標記,可在患者出現病徵前確認癌症(Smith,2020年)。因此,這種生物標記在早期癌症檢測方面起著重要的作用。隨著基因組學、轉錄組學和蛋白質組學技術的進步,研究人員已能識別這些生物標記。癌症生物標記存在於人體內的各種體液中,例如血液、尿液或唾液,透過分析便能了解有關癌症的形成以及各癌症階段的情況。

     

    作者︰
    Dr Clement Lim, Head of Medical Affairs
    (Early Detection), MiRXES


    哈柏法:改變世界的化學反應



    你可曾想過農業供應是怎樣餵飽正以幾何級數上升的世界人口嗎?氮是提高農作物產量至關重要的植物營養,因此其中一個關鍵是藉著施以氮肥為農作物提供氮。可是,這些氮又從何而來呢?



    哈柏法

    答案就是哈柏法,相信有修讀化學的同學對這個單詞並不陌生。簡單重溫一下,它由德國化學家Fritz
    Haber發明,亦使其在1918年被授予諾貝爾化學獎。與之前的同類方法相比,哈柏法能較節省能源地將氮氣轉化成氨,亦兼容大規模生產,製造出來的氨可被加工成硝酸銨(NH4NO3)或尿素((NH2)2CO)等氮肥。

    N2(g) +
    3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

    哈柏法有如此進步是因為它善用了勒沙得利爾原理(Le Chatelier’s
    principle)(註1)。化學家衡量過反應的化學平衡和動力學後,決定在工業上採取高溫(大約450℃)和高壓(大約200
    atm)以將氨的產量最大化。不過以上只是哈柏法冰山一角的簡介(亦相信你已經在課本看過更詳盡的介紹),讓我們深入探討這條簡短化學式背後的步驟吧!

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大學 《科言》學生編輯 梁卓霖


    綠色彗星



    彗星C/2022 E3 (ZTF),2023年1月30日

    於2022年3月由被茲威基瞬變探測器(Zwicky Transient
    Facility)發現的長週期彗星C/2022 E3
    (ZTF),在本年2月1日到達距離地球最近的位置,而它下一次接近地球,則會是五萬年後。當時使用望遠鏡觀測,可以看到其綠色的彗髮和彗尾。*這種綠色來自於當中含有的雙原子碳(C2),在綠色光波長下非常明亮。

    *資料來源:國家地理雜誌

    鳴謝:香港中文大學Fishie Chung


  • newsletter (Mar 2023 – Issue 20)


    关于香港桂冠论坛



    欢迎大家来到香港桂冠论坛2023年3月份通讯。

    为了让更多学生走出课室,走进科学世界,桂冠论坛于本年2至3月期间举办首届香港桂冠论坛新一轮前奏活动系列的第三个主题活动「探索新视野2023」,再度联同香港本地科学家/研究团队,为香港高年级中学生安排一连12场的实验室参观及分享会,而活动吸引超过300人参与。参与的学生及同行老师很高兴能够透过活动,参观实验室,体验先进设备,观摩科学家的工作实况,与科学家直接交流,及了解香港最新科研发展。桂冠论坛感谢各位学生及老师踊跃参与,亦再次感谢一众本地科学家/研究团队的支持,包括:香港中文大学卓敏物理学教授朱明中教授、病理解剖及细胞学系助理教授邓铭权博士及生命科学学院助理教授周熙文教授、香港大学病理学系黄泽蕾博士、香港科技大学生命科学部副教授张晓东教授、香港浸会大学数学系助理教授韩汝星博士、香港都会大学科技学院副教授史东甫博士、香港大学
    – 巴斯德研究中心及免疫与感染研究中心。

    而「伴你启航暨香港桂冠论坛中学生科学探索者奖励计划2022/23颁奖典礼」已于3月25日完满举行。活动当天,香港桂冠论坛秘书长杜彭慧仪女士鼓励学生持续对科学的热诚及为自己的理想发奋。我们十分高兴邀请到论坛活动指导委员会成员香港中文大学卓敏物理学教授朱明中教授百忙中抽空出席是次活动,分享他于探索科学中遇到的趣事,并鼓励学生对有兴趣之事保持热诚,而他对寻找个人路向的寄语令一众学生获益良多。参与奖励计划的中六生也互相分享了对科学范畴的兴趣及如何克服所遇的困难。朱明中教授亦与香港中学校长会主席连镇邦先生颁授证书,表扬参与奖励计划并获指定积分的学生,当中有43名学生获金奖证书,37名学生获银奖证书。我们再次恭喜得奖学生,希望他们能够继续装备自己,踏上科研之旅!

    所有前奏活动已圆满结束,意味着首届桂冠论坛即将来临!过往曾出席前奏活动的邵逸夫奖得奖者,也会到访香港,亲临这个世界级学术交流盛会,当中包括:
    – 2021年度邵逸夫数学科学奖得奖者尚–米歇尔.比斯姆教授
    – 2020年邵逸夫天文学奖得奖者罗杰.布兰福德
    – 2020年邵逸夫生命科学与医学奖得奖者格罗.米森伯克
    – 2017年邵逸夫天文学奖得奖者西蒙.怀特教授
    – 2013年邵逸夫天文学奖得奖者史蒂芬.拜尔巴斯教授
    – 2012年邵逸夫生命科学与医学奖得奖者弗朗兹–乌尔里奇.哈特尔教授
    届时将有更多邵逸夫奖得奖者出席论坛,与来自世界各地约200位年轻科学家交流真知灼见,启发科学灵感。敬请期待!

    在密锣紧鼓地筹备首届桂冠论坛的同时,我们亦继续开拓年轻一代与科学家交流的机会。香港桂冠论坛将首度与香港资优教育学苑合作,邀请论坛活动指导委员会成员香港中文大学卓敏物理学教授朱明中教授,担任学苑于4月15日举办的天文学课程—宇宙的调查研究(第三阶段)的研究成果发布的嘉宾,聆听参与课程的资优生的研究成果,并提供意见,使各资优生从中得到更多启发。我们将会继续与香港资优教育学苑合作,安排更多科学相关活动,令学员有更多交流机会。

    另外,有关太阳系的网上活动「周围都系科学 –
    第三回合」已于3月16日顺利举行,得奖名单亦已于3月27日公布。法国哲学家Blaise
    Pascal曾经说过:「当想到我短暂的生命会吞没于永恒时间,以及我所占据的狭小空间会消融在陌生的无限空间,我便感到惊慌。」宇宙很大,有无数与太阳系身处的银河系相类似的星系,而地球只是围绕着太阳系的太阳运行的其中一颗行星。透过有趣的游戏,大众可以认识自己身处所在的星系,进一步了解太阳系各个行星。这次是「周围都系科学」的最后一个回合,桂冠论坛在此感谢所有活动参与者的支持。

    更多有关论坛最新的消息和活动资讯,记得留意我们的网站、社交媒体和下一期通讯!


    考量人口因素的低噪音低燃油起飞轨迹连续优化研究



    过去数十年,随著空中交通愈趋繁忙,降低飞机噪音是持份者需要面对的其中一项重大挑战。但是要在飞行途中降低噪音,便可能会消耗更多飞机燃料,对于航空公司成本管理而言,这是一个必须考虑的因素。我们将会在本文提出一种规划飞行航道的方法,当中的目标是降低人们感知到的噪音以及燃料消耗。我们将飞机的航迹分拆成地平面和高度两条航道,以模拟航空运输所面对的相关限制,并且会利用Dubins航道法及经改良的A*演算法,来找出地平面投影的最短航道,当中的演算法会根据飞行目的地、跑道角度、机场附近的飞机间隔、人口分布,以及飞机转向运动来考虑引导点。另外,我们亦会利用地平面航道计算出的距离,解构飞行运动的纵向公式来确定如何优化高度航道,从而降低人们感知到的噪音以及飞机燃料消耗。为了进行离散优化,我们设计了一个经改良的非支配型排序遗传演算法II
    (NSGA-II),从而在减少运算难度之下得到最佳高度航道的帕累托前沿(Pareto
    fronts)。透过模拟从香港国际机场起飞,飞到两个强制位置报告点来展示这个方法的成效。之后,我们会将结果与快速存取记录器
    (Quick Access Recorder)
    的数据以及标准仪表离场(SID)程序的路径进行比较。虽然这个方法并未考虑在航空运输期间某些会令离场航道规划受到影响的因素,例如天气情况以及空中交通组合,但是得出的地平面航道却与SID的路径十分相似。由此得出高度航道的帕累托前沿,显示可降低燃料消耗以及人们感知到的噪音水平。另外,我们亦根据不同航线的相关飞行物理学,分析了如何在燃料消耗和人们感知到的噪音水平之间权衡利弊。


    I.简介

    空中交通的迅速发展,及由此产生的飞机噪音的增加,导致居住在机场附近的居民饱受困扰,影响他们的睡眠,及出现与压力有关的健康问题。这个问题可以透过飞机设计或空中交通管理等方法来解决。在飞机设计方面,我们可以设计新的飞机机体及引擎,以降低飞机发出的噪音。但自1980年代以来,要在不影响营运成本之下透过改变飞机设计来进一步降低噪音,是一件相当困难的事。至于空中交通管理方面,我们可以改变飞行航道以减少感知到的噪音,例如增加飞机起飞后的爬升率。虽然这个做法较为「务实」,但未能解决将飞机噪音降低的问题,同时可能会令燃料消耗增加。人们感知到的噪音以及燃料消耗,会受到引擎动力的设定以及飞机与观察者之间距离的变化所影响,情况相当复杂。燃料消耗会直接影响航空公司的收入,同时亦与空气污染及温室气体排放量成正比。因此,在优化航机的操作条件时,我们亦必须同时考虑人们感知到的噪音。

    在实际情况下,机场四周的离场航道是以标准仪表离场(SID)程序作为指引。SID是指从离场航线开始的起点,直到航途阶段中首个定位点/设施/航点的经编码航行程序,不同的机场会有不同的SID。各国民航当局均按照ICAO Doc. 8168中订明的设计标准来设计及公布SID,当中考虑的因素包括但不限于跑道角度、地形、需避开的障碍物、飞机性能、空域管理以及环境问题。根据香港民航处(CAD),在设计SID时,有关人员会先与持份者(包括营运商/机师及空中交通管制员)进行初步讨论。之后,便会在模拟飞行中测试初步路径在不同天气和承载量下的可飞程度,再在发布该路径前透过实际的航行测试来加以验证。Zachary等人、Prats等人、Torres等人、Ho-Huu等人、Filippone等人,以及Thomas和Hansman进行了优化计算的研究,以在定量标准下改良离场航道的设计程序。这些研究建议采用多目标或多层次的起飞航道规划方法,当中同时考虑到燃料消耗和感知到的噪音水平。然而,据我们所知,这些研究并未根据航行目的地(即本研究考虑的强制性[ATS]位置报告点)、由航行资料汇编(AIP)提供的障碍物限制,以及人口和地形的资讯,来考虑引导点所产生的综合影响。其中有部分研究亦未有将其取得的结果,与现有的SID路径或航班数据进行比较。为了弥补这方面的不足,本文在同时考虑上述所有因素下,提出了一个旨在带来低噪音和低燃料消耗的起飞航道规划方法。

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大学机械及航空航天工程系助理教授Rhea Liem教授
    香港科技大学博士后研究员Dajung Kim博士
    副主编:
    I Hwang


    基于血液的 miRNA 测试:一种有望能及早检测出多种癌症的工具



    癌症是一个威胁全球的重大健康问题。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的估计,2020年全球新增癌症病例约为1,930万宗,与癌症相关的死亡个案为1,000万宗,这代表自2010 年以来全球癌症负担增加了 28%(WHO,2020年)。

    延迟诊断是治疗癌症的其中一项最大挑战,并因此会减低患者的治疗效果。根据美国癌症协会的数据显示,乳癌如能在早期阶段发现,5年存活率达90%;然而晚期诊断的存活率却只有15%(美国癌症协会,日期不详)。

    透过基于血液的测试以及其他崭新的筛查方法,或能协助我们及早发现癌症,从而显著改善患者的治疗效果。举例而言,一项在2018年于《科学转化医学》(Science Translational
    Medicine)期刊上发表的研究发现,一种能准确检测8种常见癌症的血液测试,有可能在癌症病征出现前4年发现癌症(Cohen等,2018年)。



    癌症生物标记及其在早期检测中的作用

    研究人员发现,透过癌症生物标记,可在患者出现病征前确认癌症(Smith,2020年)。因此,这种生物标记在早期癌症检测方面起著重要的作用。随著基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学技术的进步,研究人员已能识别这些生物标记。癌症生物标记存在于人体内的各种体液中,例如血液、尿液或唾液,透过分析便能了解有关癌症的形成以及各癌症阶段的情况。

     

    作者︰
    Dr Clement Lim, Head of Medical Affairs
    (Early Detection), MiRXES


    哈柏法:改变世界的化学反应



    你可曾想过农业供应是怎样喂饱正以几何级数上升的世界人口吗?氮是提高农作物产量至关重要的植物营养,因此其中一个关键是藉著施以氮肥为农作物提供氮。可是,这些氮又从何而来呢?



    哈柏法

    答案就是哈柏法,相信有修读化学的同学对这个单词并不陌生。简单重温一下,它由德国化学家Fritz
    Haber发明,亦使其在1918年被授予诺贝尔化学奖。与之前的同类方法相比,哈柏法能较节省能源地将氮气转化成氨,亦兼容大规模生产,制造出来的氨可被加工成硝酸铵(NH4NO3)或尿素((NH2)2CO)等氮肥。

    N2(g) +
    3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

    哈柏法有如此进步是因为它善用了勒沙得利尔原理(Le Chatelier’s
    principle)(注1)。化学家衡量过反应的化学平衡和动力学后,决定在工业上采取高温(大约450℃)和高压(大约200
    atm)以将氨的产量最大化。不过以上只是哈柏法冰山一角的简介(亦相信你已经在课本看过更详尽的介绍),让我们深入探讨这条简短化学式背后的步骤吧!

     

    作者︰
    香港科技大学 《科言》学生编辑 梁卓霖


    绿色彗星



    彗星C/2022 E3 (ZTF),2023年1月30日

    于2022年3月由被兹威基瞬变探测器(Zwicky Transient
    Facility)发现的长周期彗星C/2022 E3
    (ZTF),在本年2月1日到达距离地球最近的位置,而它下一次接近地球,则会是五万年后。当时使用望远镜观测,可以看到其绿色的彗发和彗尾。*这种绿色来自于当中含有的双原子碳(C2),在绿色光波长下非常明亮。

    *资料来源:国家地理杂志

    鸣谢:香港中文大学Fishie Chung


  • newsletter (June 2023 – Issue 21)


    About the Hong Kong Laureate Forum



    Welcome to the June 2023 issue of the
    newsletter of the Hong Kong Laureate Forum!

    The “Beckoning the Inaugural Hong Kong
    Laureate Forum” press conference was
    successfully held on 6 June, thus marking
    the official launch of the inaugural Forum.
    Prof Sun Dong, JP, Secretary for Innovation,
    Technology, and Industry, HKSAR Government,
    together with Prof Timothy Tong, BBS, JP,
    Chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong
    Laureate Forum (the HKLF), Dr Colin Lam,
    SBS, Director of the Lee Shau Kee Foundation
    and Prof Kenneth Young, Chair of The Shaw
    Prize Council, were the officiating guests
    and all delivered succinct but engaging
    speeches. Ms Priyatha Menon of Cathay
    Pacific, the official airline sponsor, Ms
    Cheris Lee of MTR Corporation and Mr Andy
    Wong of InvestHK, collaborating
    organisations of the HKLF, delved into the
    various aspects of scientific research
    related to business development in Hong Kong
    in the ensuing sharing session. We would
    like to take this opportunity to express our
    heartfelt gratitude again to our principal
    sponsor, the Lee Shau Kee Foundation, and
    our major partner, the Shaw Prize
    Foundation, for their unwavering support. We
    would also like to thank the Hong Kong SAR
    Government, in particular Innovation,
    Technology and Industry Bureau and Invest
    Hong Kong, as well as Cathay Pacific, and
    MTR Corporation, for their staunch support.
    Apart from providing business class tickets
    to our Shaw Laureates, our home carrier,
    Cathay Pacific is also offering participants
    of the Forum an exclusive opportunity to
    enjoy great savings on flights to Hong Kong!

    To watch the highlights of the “Beckoning the
    Inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum”, please
    visit our YouTube channel. As
    part of the programme of the press
    conference, the HKLF organsied a media tour
    involving local universities for
    representatives of non-local press joining
    the event. If you would like to find out
    more about the media tour, please read the
    next article.

    The inaugural Hong Kong Laureate Forum, with
    its theme “Meeting of Inspirational Minds”,
    will take place on 13-18 November 2023 at
    the Hong Kong Science Park. The Forum will
    have over 20 Shaw Laureates around the world
    from the three disciplines, namely
    Astronomy, Life Science and Medicine, and
    Mathematical Sciences, gathering in person
    in Hong Kong. They will share their research
    and wisdom with more than 200 young
    scientists from over 30 different countries
    and regions through seminars, talks and
    discussions. Certain sessions of the Forum
    will also be live-streamed so that academics
    and young people around the world can
    participate in the Forum, albeit virtually.
    Please visit our website to have
    a look at the programme overview.

    Apart from feverishly preparing for the
    Forum, we have also started “The HKLF
    Science Explorer Award Scheme 2023/2024 for
    Secondary Students” for the second
    consecutive year to encourage secondary
    students to participate in science-related
    events and activities with a view to broaden
    their horizons and get inspired. The first
    event of the award scheme, held on 24 June,
    was a “Shaw Laureate Public Lecture: The
    Active Social Lives of Black Holes”. The
    lecture was delivered in-person by Prof
    Roger Blandford, recipient of the Shaw Prize
    in Astronomy in 2020, in the Hong Kong Space
    Museum. He gave a presentation on major
    breakthroughs and key remaining questions
    concerning our fundamental understanding of
    astrophysical black holes. The participating
    secondary students raised questions
    enthusiastically and no doubt, they have
    learnt a great deal about astrophysics from
    the lecture. To learn more about the award
    scheme, please visit our website.

    Our work on promoting exchanges in science in
    the community never stops. In April, the
    HKLF signed a Collaborative Framework
    Agreement with The Hong Kong Academy for
    Gifted Education (HKAGE) to establish a
    strategic partnership to work together in
    the promotion of STEAM education. The aim is
    to enhance the interest of gifted students
    in science and technology, with a view to
    cultivate future local research talents.
    Besides inviting the Programme Steering
    Committee Advisor of the HKLF, Prof Chu
    Ming-chung, Choh-Ming Li Professor of
    Physics of The Chinese University of Hong
    Kong, to be the guest of the presentation
    session of the Astronomy Course conducted by
    HKAGE in April, the HKLF also co-organised a
    science dialogue session with HKAGE on 17
    June. The event started by Prof Chu
    Ming-chung sharing his journey in
    researching astronomical matters with three
    gifted students, who had performed the best
    in the Astronomy Course, followed by a
    guided tour around the physics laboratories
    at CUHK. The young visitors were fascinated
    by the various equipment and their functions
    on show. The dialogue session ended with
    sharing by Prof Chu, Dr Jimmy Wong,
    Executive Director of the Academy and Mrs Do
    Pang Wai Yee, Secretary General of the HKLF
    on their take on the importance of science
    and encouraging the gifted students to
    pursue their passion. We look forward to
    co-organising more activities with HKAGE so
    as to help to unleash gifted students’
    potential in science.

    Apart from promoting science to the younger
    generation, another issue close to our heart
    is that of climate change. We are keen to
    back activities that focus on the matter and
    we are proud to be a supporting organisation
    for the Asia Solar Energy for Climate Change
    Conference (ASECCC) to be organised by
    CarbonCare InnoLab Limited, which will be
    held virtually from 23 to 25 August. The
    Conference will gather experts from diverse
    sectors in the Asia Pacific region to
    promote solar energy innovation and address
    the issue of climate change, with the aim of
    driving progress towards a more sustainable
    future. Please click here for the details
    of ASECCC.

    Last but not least, the HKLF celebrated its
    4th anniversary on 14 May. We would like to
    take this opportunity to express our sincere
    gratitude for the continued support from our
    friends of different sectors. We look
    forward to continuing the collaboration with
    the community to promote education and
    exchanges in various disciplines in science
    and technology in Hong Kong.


    Hong Kong Laureate Forum – Media Tour



    The HKLF organised a 4-day 3-night (from 5-8
    June) media tour for representatives of an
    array of non-local press, who were invited
    to join the “Beckoning the Inaugural Hong
    Kong Laureate Forum” press conference, to
    visit the cutting-edge scientific research
    facilities at top ranking local
    universities. They also spoke to the
    scientists conducting research at the
    facilities and learnt about the latest
    development of scientific research in Hong
    Kong. The HKLF also provided the invited
    press with detailed information of the
    inaugural Forum, with a view to bringing
    this Asia’s prestigious science event to a
    wider audience.

    The group included representatives from media
    organisations, with or without local
    offices, from outside Hong Kong. From the
    Mainland China, we have journalists from
    Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, etc., as well
    as others from South Korea, Thailand and
    Vietnam. Many members of the press were
    thrilled to have the opportunity to visit
    universities in Hong Kong in person. Through
    such visits to various scientific research
    facilities and interviewing the scientists,
    we are confident that the prowess of Hong
    Kong’s scientific research would reach the
    audiences in different places.

    The HKLF would like to thank the
    universities’ support, preparation and
    hospitality, which made the media tour a
    great success. The HKLF would also like to
    thank the scientists who hosted the sessions
    and gave detailed presentations on their
    scientific research and respective
    facilities. They include:

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong

    • CUHK InnoHK
      Centre: Microbiota I-Center – Prof
      Francis Chan, Prof Siew Ng and their
      research team
    • CUHK InnoHK
      Centre: Multi-Scale Medical Robotics
      Center – Prof Samuel Au, Prof Philip
      Chiu and their research team
    • State Key
      Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology – Prof
      Lam Hon Ming and his research team

    The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

    • National Rail
      Transit Electrification and Automation
      Engineering Technology Research Center
      (Hong Kong Branch) – Prof Ni Yi Qing and
      his research team
    • Research Centre
      for Deep Space Explorations – Prof Yung
      Kai Leung and his research team

    The Hong Kong University of Science and
    Technology

    • Biological
      CryoEM Center – Dr Zhang Yingyi and her
      research team
    • Nanosystem
      Fabrication Facility – Prof Kevin Chen
      and his research team
    • State Key
      Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience –
      Prof Amy Fu and her research team
    • The
      Aerodynamics and Acoustics Facility –
      Prof Zhou Peng and his research team

    The University of Hong Kong

    • State Key
      Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry – Prof
      C M Che and his research team
    • Tam Wing Fan
      Innovation Wing – Dr Kit Chui and his
      research team

    We look forward to taking more press and
    participating young scientists during the
    Forum in November to visit other scientific
    research facilities at local universities,
    with an aim of showcasing the latest
    scientific research projects in Hong Kong.


    Cluster-Based Aircraft Fuel Estimation Model
    for Effective and Efficient Fuel Budgeting
    on New Routes



    Abstract: Fuel burn accounts for up to
    25% of an aircraft’s total operating cost
    and has become one of the most important
    decision factors in the airline industry.
    Hence, prudent fuel estimation is essential
    for airlines to ensure smooth operation in
    the upcoming financial year. Challenges
    arise when airlines need to estimate the
    total fuel consumption of new sectors where
    data are not available. This necessitates
    the derivation of a robust parametric model
    that can represent the characteristics of
    the new route even in the absence of
    relevant data. To address this issue, we
    propose a two-step approach to derive a
    model that can accurately estimate the
    aircraft fuel needed. The developed approach
    involves both unsupervised learning and a
    regression model. For the unsupervised
    learning step, hierarchical density-based
    spatial clustering of applications with
    noise (HDBSCAN) is used to cluster the
    principal component analysis (PCA)-reduced
    data. This step can automatically separate
    flight sectors based on their underlying
    characteristics, as revealed by their
    principal components, upon filtering the
    noise in the data. Afterward, multivariate
    linear regression (MLR) is used to derive
    the equations for each cluster. The
    PCA-based clustered model is shown to be
    superior to using a global model for a
    single aircraft type. This approach yields
    fuel estimation with less than 5% root mean
    square error for existing routes within each
    cluster. More importantly, the proposed
    method can accurately estimate the total
    fuel of a new route with less than 2%
    aggregate error, thereby addressing one of
    the current limitations in the airline fuel
    estimation study.



    1. Introduction

    Aviation big data analytics has grown as an
    emerging research field in recent years.
    Data-driven models, or machine learning
    techniques, have become commonly used in
    various industries due to the advancement in
    data collection and storage, and the
    aviation industry is no exception. These
    techniques can help extract meaningful
    patterns and knowledge from any given set of
    data. The results of previous research in
    aviation with these techniques have been
    presented in air traffic management,
    aircraft accident investigation, abnormality
    in flight operation, aircraft performance in
    airlines, etc.

    One aircraft performance concern in airlines
    is fuel burn since fuel cost accounts for
    17-25% of an airline’s total operating
    expenses. Having a reliable and accurate
    fuel estimation model is, therefore,
    imperative for airlines because fuel
    budgeting determines airlines’ profitability
    in the following year. Fuel budgeting
    depends on the amount of fuel consumed and
    the expected fuel price. We understand that
    fuel price volatility is a crucial factor in
    fuel budgeting. However, fuel price
    prediction is out of this study’s scope, and
    we assume the airlines have appropriate
    strategies and policies to tackle fuel price
    volatility. In this study, we focus on
    estimating the amount of fuel
    considered for fuel budgeting purposes,
    which we will refer to as fuel burn
    estimation
    hereafter. To minimise
    losses due to poor fuel planning, achieving
    a high level of accuracy in total fuel
    prediction is imperative.

     

    Authors:
    Prof Rhea P. Liem, Assistant Professor,
    Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
    Engineering, The Hong Kong University of
    Science and Technology
    Mr Jefry Yanto, PhD Student, Department of
    Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The
    Hong Kong University of Science and
    Technology


    Dog’s Nose in Your Everyday Devices: Next
    Generation Gas Sensors Enabled by Porous
    Materials Chemistry



    A dog’s nose is regarded as one of the most
    powerful sensors that exist. Trained canines
    are even able to detect various clinical
    conditions, such as spikes in blood sugar
    and cholesterol levels, by sniffing the
    affected person. For routine clinical
    examinations, we would need a more practical
    and cost-effective way to “sniff”. For my
    PhD project, my research was centered on
    developing a new method of integrating a
    ‘dog’s nose’-like system in our everyday
    device, using a material called
    metal-organic frameworks.

    The most commonly known electronic nose is
    the breathalyser. As drivers subjected to
    these tests breathe into the equipment, a
    sensor embedded onto the breathalyser
    measures the amount of alcohol in their
    system by correlating the concentration in
    their breath. The chemical interaction of
    the alcohol molecules and the active sensor
    material in the breathalyser is then
    transformed into an electronic signal,
    allowing the investigating officer to read
    off the result. Alcohol in our breath is
    relatively easy to detect because the
    chemistry is specific, and the alcohol
    concentration is fairly high (even without
    having an excess drink or two). But our
    breath is comprised of complex mixtures of
    gas molecules in very low concentrations.
    And fabricating state-of-the-art electronic
    noses to detect specific molecules at lower
    concentrations (ppm-level, about a drop of
    water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool) is
    a challenge. Fortunately, there is a
    solution for this limitation which is
    enabled by chemistry and materials science.
    Very sensitive electronic noses of the
    future can now be fabricated with a material
    called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).

     

    Author:
    Dr Alexander John Cruz, Technology
    Integration Leader – Climate Technology
    Solutions, Baker Hughes


    From Influenza to COVID-19: Is annual
    SARS-CoV-2 vaccination necessary?



     

    After three years of living with masks and
    travel restrictions, most COVID-related
    restriction policies were lifted in March,
    2023. While the mood of citizens in Hong
    Kong is boosted, there are rising number of
    COVID and influenza cases. Scientists round
    the globe have been surveilling the
    evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and there are
    reports of constant mutation of the virus,
    together with report of declining antibody
    level in the blood, one question, thus, was
    raised: Should we get annual SARS-CoV-2
    vaccine booster?

    Vaccination is a procedure which mimic
    natural infection with substances
    constructed from pathogens, which can be the
    original pathogen in less harmful state
    (inactivated), part of the pathogen (protein
    subunits), or novel platforms such as the
    mRNA vaccines. After natural infection or
    vaccination, our immune system develops
    memory cells which are specific to the
    pathogen and respond quickly when we
    encounter the same pathogen. A faster immune
    response can suppress the replication of
    pathogens and reduce the damage done to our
    body. Moreover, if the number of pathogens
    is suppressed, there is lower risk of
    transmission to others. Therefore,
    vaccination can reduce rate of infection and
    severity of illness caused by infectious
    disease.

     

    Author:
    Mr Khong Ka Wa
    MBBS 6, the University of Hong Kong


    Not One Less: Fencepost Errors



     

    You have from 1 pm to 4 pm to work on
    homework assignments for subjects #1 to #4.
    If you complete one assignment per hour you
    should get them all done on time. Yes or no?

    Now how about if you have from 1 May to 4 May
    to complete them? Can you get away with
    completing one assignment per day?

    These kinds of problems lead to more
    questions. Why are hours and days counted
    differently? Where should we start counting
    from anyway? Applying what we learn in
    school is never as simple as it seems – even
    with something as simple as counting.

    To set things straight, let’s go back to
    preschool. We learned to count starting from
    one, two, three … and we also learned that
    this counting process lets us know how many
    things there are – pencils, houses, or days.
    To save time we can just let the labels do
    the counting for us: The days of the month
    in June are labelled 1 to 30, so there are
    30 days.

    When we get to subtraction, the teacher holds
    up six pencils and takes four of them away
    one by one to demonstrate that 6 – 4 = 2.
    Subtraction is an arithmetic operation,
    meaning an action (“operation”) is applied
    to change the number of objects: In this
    case, the act of taking a pencil away. Now
    we are considering a slightly different
    concept, the span between two numbers. This
    isn’t the same as the numbers themselves!
    Once we are introduced to the number line,
    we get to represent the subtraction 6 – 4 =
    2 as four arrows bumping down from 6 to 2:

    It’s clear that this refers to the four
    “spans” between 2 and 6. But the operation
    actually “touches” five numbers: 2, 3, 4, 5,
    6.

     

    Author: Peace Foo, Student Editor, Science
    Focus, The Hong Kong University of Science
    and Technology
    Design: Samantha Ng, Graphic Designer,
    Science Focus, The Hong Kong University of
    Science and Technology
    Translation: Daniel Lau, Managing Editor,
    Science Focus, The Hong Kong University of
    Science and Technology